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In the wake of the Maccabean Revolt, the Pharisees represented a political party which opposed the Hellenization by the aristocratic Sadducees. The Hasmonean kingdom or Judea was a religious monarchy, so all political parties were also religious interpreters. The Pharisees emphasized the importance of other Mosaic laws, including Oral tradition, as opposed to the Sadducees who emphasized only those rules and regulations concerning cultic rites of priesthood.

The origination of the Pharisee party was as a separatist party to the ruling Hasmonean dynasty on issues such as Hellenization and purity laws. Around 100 BCE the Pharisees tried to force Alexander Jannaeus to choose between being king and being High Priest. As a result Alexander sided with the Sadducees and killed some 50,000 Judeans and crucified 800 Pharisees.

When Alexander died, his widow, Salome Alexandra, became queen. Her family were Pharisees, and she favored the Pharisees over the Saducees. With the Pharisee party in control of both the kingship and High Priesthood, they made a comback and by the time of Jesus were once again a firmly established political party.

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