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All the hundreds of mitzvoth (commands), principles and beliefs of the Torah. Though it may have an associated culture and one or more associated languages, the traditional definition of Judaism is the observance of the Torah, which is why dictionaries define Judaism as "the religion of Moses." In this sense, the word "Torah" is meant in its wider meaning, which includes the Tanakh, the Talmud, and other classical Jewish texts.
The philosophy of Judaism is that this world is a purposeful creation by God, in which all people are tested concerning their use of free-will. We possess a soul which lives on after the body dies and is held responsible for the person's actions.
Some examples of the commands:

  • Putting on Tefillin (phylacteries) in the morning (Deuteronomy 6)
  • Saying the Shema-prayer, stating that God is One (Deuteronomy 6:4)
  • Sitting in the sukkah (arbor-canopied booth) during the Sukkot festival (Leviticus 23)
  • Avoiding leavened products during Passover (Exodus 12)
  • Keeping kosher (Deuteronomy 14)
  • Not eating on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement; Leviticus 23)
  • Not working on the Shabbat (Exodus 31)
  • Paying workers on time
  • Marital rights for one's wife
  • The Ten Commandments
  • Helping someone who is in danger
  • Counting the days of the Omer (from Passover to the Shavuot festival; Leviticus 23)
  • Returning lost objects when feasible (Deuteronomy 22)
  • Wearing the tzitzith-garment (Numbers ch.15)
  • Affixing a mezuzah (small parchment scroll) to the door (Deuteronomy 6)
  • Learning Torah
  • Keeping our rules of ethics
  • Marrying and having children
  • Educating one's children in Judaism
  • Giving tzedakah (charity)
  • Honoring one's parents
And many more.
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