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The Gathas are 17 great hymns which the prophet, Zarathushtra, composed in an ancient dialect not known outside the Gathas and a few other ancient texts. The rest of the surviving avesta consists of liturgical texts preserved in various later stages of the same language (but not in exactly the same dialect), known collectively as the 'Younger Avesta', although some of the matter is extremely old. Zarathushtra's teachings were handed down orally from generation to generation until committed to writing under the Sasanians The Vendidad, or 'Law against demons', is a compilation of scattered traditions in the form of questions and answers between Zoroaster and Ahura Mazda. From internal evidence, it appears to have been written down in the Parthian period.

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