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You need to be a Roman Catholic and in the College of Cardinals. When the pope dies all the Cardinals in the world under the age of 80 meet in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. They are locked in the chapel (the Conclave) and they select the next pope. There is a complex series of ballots, and various times for reflection, prayer and preaching depending on the number of ballots completed. If a ballot does not result in the election of a pope, the ballots are burned with chemicals to insure the smoke is black. This is a signal to the faithful waiting outside that a ballot has been completed and has not resulted in a new pontiff. When a ballot results in an election, (the candidate elect is asked if he accepts, and he may decline, but cardinals will usually make it known before it reaches this point that they do not wish to hold the office) the ballots are burned with chemicals insuring that the smoke is white, signalling that a pope has been chosen. Prior to the 1960's the black smoke was produced by adding wet straw to the ballots, but occasional ambiguities in the color of the smoke (both black and white) necessitated a change. Many protocols are followed to guarantee that no ballot papers are lost or changed. See link for more than you ever wanted to know about the subject.

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