Jericho. (Joshua chapters 1-3)
Jerico
Abraham was supposed to have brought the first Hebrews to Canaan around 1900 BC. The Israelites escaped from Egypt around 1200 BC. David was the first real king of the Israelites around 1000 BC.
Before
The first city in Canaan taken by the Israelites was Jericho, as described in the biblical account in the book of Joshua. The Israelites marched around the city for seven days before its walls fell down, allowing them to conquer it.
The king of the Israelites when David was a boy was King Saul. Before that, there were no kings in Israel.
The Israelites were held captive in Babylonia for several decades. The Persians had defeated the Babylonians, and inherited the Babylonian prisoners, which included the captive Israelites. So now, by order of King Artaxerxes, which we read about in Ezra 7:13, the Israelites were now permitted to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the city. This happened about 455 years before the birth of Christ.
THe Bible doesn't say that. Ancient Jewish commentaries do. I have not found it in the Bible anywhere.
The Israelites as such never lived in Mesopotamia. Abraham abandoned Mesopotamia before the Israelites grew as a nation. When Judea was captured and the population transferred to Babylon, the people had already begun to be called Judeans or Jews, not Israelites. The dominant population currently in Mesopotamia are the Arabs who are mostly ethnic Babylonians who have intermarried with ethnic Arabians and adopted their culture and religion. Mesopotamia also has a Kurdish population in the north and several Assyrian and Babylonian Christian minorities.
They lived in Israel before they were taken as slaves to Egypt.
Although the exact duration is not given, it was a matter of months - not more.
Moses leading the Israelites from Egypt was approx 1500BC
Before the Israelites, Jerusalem was inhabited by the Jebusites, a Canaanite tribe. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city was established as early as the Bronze Age, with various cultures and peoples, including the Egyptians and the Amorites, having influence over the region. The Jebusites held control of the city until it was conquered by King David around 1000 BCE, who then established it as the capital of Israel.