In Buddhism, when one is enlightened they understand what is right action and how to transgrend suffering and achieve the state of Narvarna and end the cycle of rebirth.
The five precepts of Buddhism for laypersons are:
Refrain from killing: This mean not to add to the suffering of a living being by taking its life, or getting someone to do it on your behalf. This can also mean not to eat meat.
Not to take that which is freely given: Not stealing or using guile and coercion in order to relive someone of their goods.
To refrain from sexual misconduct: Not sleeping around or cheating on your partner nor having an affair, or encouraging others to do the same. Also includes rape and voyeurism, and unwanted sexual contact.
Refrain from false speech: Not lying,gossiping and spreading rumours that would cause suffering to another.
Refrain from intoxicants: Alcohol for some may be drunk in moderation,but the drinking of alcohol can lead to breaking of the above precepts, causing suffering in your life (Calling an ex-girlfriend when drunk) and same for drugs, in Buddhism,these things are distractions from the realitys of the world.
Not these are not rules, and the only "Punishment" would be suffering in your life and others around you,and in the theory of Buddhism,leads to bad karma,meaning you won't break the cycle of rebirth, and may be born as an animal etc. (Hence the not eating meat or killing, as that person/animal may have been a person once,and you may be reborn as such,at least to Buddhists)
Enlightenment ideas refer to a philosophical movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional institutions such as the church and monarchy. These ideas promoted concepts such as freedom, democracy, and equality, influencing major revolutions like the American and French Revolutions. Key figures associated with Enlightenment ideas include thinkers like John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
The document most closely associated with the Enlightenment and its ideas is the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" (1789) from the French Revolution. It outlined key Enlightenment principles such as equality, liberty, and fraternity.
Two key Enlightenment ideas are individualism, which emphasizes the rights and freedoms of the individual, and rationalism, which promotes the use of reason and logic to understand and improve the world. These principles were central to the intellectual and philosophical developments of the Enlightenment era.
One of the key figures often considered as a father of the Enlightenment is French philosopher Voltaire. His writings promoted reason, tolerance, and freedom of thought, which were central ideas of the Enlightenment movement.
Enlightenment ideas influenced colonists by promoting concepts such as liberty, reason, and natural rights. These ideas inspired colonists to question traditional authority and to push for greater political and individual freedoms. The Enlightenment also played a key role in shaping the principles underlying the American Revolution and the eventual formation of the United States.
Enlightenment ideas circulated most broadly in Europe during the 18th century, in cities such as Paris, London, and Berlin. These ideas spread through coffeehouses, salons, universities, and printed materials like books, pamphlets, and newspapers. Philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu played key roles in disseminating Enlightenment ideas.
The middle class or bourgeoisie most supported the ideas of the Enlightenment. They valued reason, science, and individual rights, which were central themes of the Enlightenment movement. The middle class played a key role in spreading these ideas and challenging traditional authority during this period.
Some key ideas that led to the Enlightenment include the importance of reason, individualism, skepticism of authority, emphasis on scientific inquiry, and the belief in progress through education and enlightenment. These ideas encouraged people to question traditional beliefs, promote freedom of thought, and seek to improve society through reason and critical thinking.
The Enlightenment began in Europe, with France being one of the key countries where ideas and philosophies of the Enlightenment flourished. Other important countries where the Enlightenment had an impact include England, Scotland, and Germany.
The Enlightenment helped inspire colonists to question traditional authority and embrace ideas of natural rights, democracy, and freedom. These ideals influenced the development of revolutionary ideas in the colonies, which played a key role in events leading up to the American Revolution. Key figures like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were influenced by Enlightenment philosophy in drafting documents such as the Declaration of Independence.
The Declaration of Independence
Madame Geoffrin was a prominent salon hostess in Paris during the Enlightenment, known for hosting gatherings where intellectuals, writers, and philosophers would discuss new ideas and theories. Her salon facilitated the exchange of ideas and helped to spread Enlightenment ideals throughout French society. Geoffrin's patronage and support of thinkers like Voltaire and Diderot were key in promoting Enlightenment ideas in Paris.