Only Muslim Arabs were first-class citizens of this great empire.
Yes, the Umayyad rulers implemented significant changes that facilitated both the expansion and unification of the Muslim Empire. They established Arabic as the administrative language, which helped streamline governance across diverse regions. Additionally, their military conquests extended the empire's reach from Spain to India, while the promotion of trade and cultural exchanges contributed to a sense of unity among the varied populations within the empire.
After the Umayyad Caliphate, which ended in 750 CE, the Arab Empire transitioned to the Abbasid Caliphate, marking a significant cultural and political shift. The Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, fostering a golden age of science, philosophy, and the arts. This period emphasized intellectual pursuits and trade, leading to increased cultural exchanges and the integration of diverse communities within the empire. Additionally, the Abbasids promoted a more inclusive approach to governance, incorporating non-Arabs into administrative roles.
The underlying premise of the question is incorrect. The Byzantine Empire never converted to Islam and Islam was, by and large, illegal within the Byzantine Empire for as long as it existed. The reason why the territory formerly controlled by the Byzantine Empire became Muslim-majority was because it was conquered by various Islamic States such as the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, the Seljuq Turkish Empire, and the Ottoman Empire (which finished the job).
I assume the you are asking within the time of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs and the Umayyad Caliphs. Asia Minor at that time was held by the Byzantine Empire which was more capable of defending the Anatolian highlands than was the Arab cavalry at taking it.
The word for foreigners was barbarian, which the Romans borrowed from the Greeks. Before the extension of Roman citizenship to all the freeborn in the whole empire by the emperor Caracalla in 212 BC, the non-Romans who lived within the empire were called provinciales. This term indicated those who did not have Roman citizenship, but as subjects of the empire, enjoyed some legal rights in Roman law.
In 212 A.D., the Roman Emperor Caracalla issued the Edict of Caracalla, also known as the Constitutio Antoniniana. This decree granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire, significantly expanding the rights and privileges associated with citizenship. The move aimed to increase tax revenue and unify the diverse populations within the empire, though it also diluted the value of citizenship itself. The edict marked a significant shift in the social and political landscape of Rome during that era.
Mali possessed "port cities" along the Niger River such as Jenne and Timbuktu which flouirshed both commercially and culturally.
Georgia within the Russian Empire ended in 1918.
Georgia within the Russian Empire was created in 1801.
its something u do that creates change
An empire is typically larger in size and encompasses multiple kingdoms within its borders. Empires often have more diverse populations and territories, as well as a stronger centralized government, compared to kingdoms which are usually smaller and more homogenous in nature.
Studying citizenship is important because it helps individuals understand their rights, responsibilities, and roles within a society. It also promotes a sense of social cohesion, civic engagement, and active participation in a democracy. Additionally, studying citizenship encourages multicultural understanding and appreciation of diverse perspectives within a community.