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In the 12th century, the two competing Muslim doctrines were Sunni and Shia Islam. Sunni Muslims, who constituted the majority, emphasized the community's consensus and the legitimacy of elected leadership, particularly the caliphs. Conversely, Shia Muslims asserted that leadership should remain within the Prophet Muhammad’s family, specifically through his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, and his descendants. This doctrinal split led to significant theological, political, and social differences within the Muslim world.

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