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Two prominent centers of Islamic learning outside the Arabian Peninsula were Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, and Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Qarawiyyin, founded in 859 CE, is considered one of the oldest existing degrees-granting universities in the world and played a crucial role in the intellectual development of the Muslim world. Al-Azhar, established in the 10th century, became a leading center for Islamic scholarship and education, influencing Islamic thought and jurisprudence across the globe. Both institutions contributed significantly to the preservation and advancement of knowledge during the medieval period.

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