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It is in Matthew's Gospel that Mary, Joseph and Jesus fled from their home in Bethlehem to Egypt, out of fear of King Herod who wished to have Jesus killed. They remained in Egypt until they had heard of Herod's death and then began the return journey to Bethlehem. Warned by an angel that Herod's son, Archelaus, still posed a threat, they turned aside from Bethlehem and travelled to Galilee, where they settled in a town called Nazareth.

The young family must have remained in Egypt for several years, since Matthew would suggest that Herod was not yet near death when he sought to have Jesus killed. Herod died in 4 BCE and Archelaus was deposed ten years later, in 6 CE. The gospel account therefore means that the return journey took place between 4 BCE and 6 CE.

Bethlehem was in the province of Judea (with as its core the Old Testament territory of Judah) and Nazareth was in Galilee. In strict, historical terms, Mary, Joseph and Jesus did not come back to Israel, because Israel had ceased to exist in 722 BCE, following its destruction by the Assyrians.

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