Algebra, Geometry, trignometry
Many math concepts were invented by Indians, such as zero and the "Arabic numerals". Muslims in the Middle East learned of these concepts and even added their own. They recorded and perfected mathematics, then passed on the knowledge to Europe.
In his 1954 book, Mathematics in Western Culture, Morris Klein wrote, "In the temple of mathematics reposed all truth, and Euclid was its high priest". However, that is more of a metaphor than an accepted fact and the epithet "priest of mathematics" is practically unknown among historians and mathematicians.
Yes there are Muslims all over the world, but there are a good number of Muslims in Western Europe, but it is not a major religion.
Donald W. Western has written: 'An introduction to mathematics' -- subject(s): Mathematics
mathematics and science
The reconquista was the crusade to drive out the Muslims from Spain
mathematics and science
western mediterranean
While there may be some Muslims who pray at the Western Wall, the site is predominantly a Jewish site. By and large, Muslims pray at the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock Shrine, which are both on the esplanade that the Western Wall serves as retaining wall to support.
What do you think there all the same but Muslims are the best at doing it.
Secularism is the principle, accepted by most Westerners, that government institutions should be free of influence from religious institutions and religious dignitaries, creating a state that is neutral on topics of religion. Many Muslims openly petition for an increased role of religion (particularly Islam) in governance. Secularists (both religious and non-religious) use these protests and this advocacy to paint Muslims as being opposed to Western values and being irreconcilable with Western society.
It was rough and it was the time when the Muslims invaded Western Europe.