The vast majority of the world's population of Jews was not present.
approximately 2000 BCE to the present. Present day Hebrew are called Jews.
just like everyone else around you.
The Mashiach (messiah).
Using present day frontiers:PolandUkraineBelarusGermanyLithuania
The highest halakhic (Torah law) authority today is likely Rabbi Yoseph Shalom Eliashiv of Jerusalem. In ancient times, the Jews had kings and high priests. Since the year 70 CE, there has been no single leader of the Jews.
When talking about lineage, there is no such thing at a "pure" anything. But many Jews trace their genetics to a common, smaller group of ancesters.
There were many German-Jews who at the time of the WWII, but there wasn't really a "Good" leader who was all that great to the Jews. The Jews were basically cut to nothing by all the Germans.
Moses.
Technically the present leader of The Netherlands would be Queen Beatrix.
Joshua was the first leader to lead the Jews into Canaan.
The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.The Romans called present day Israel, Judaea.