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The author of Matthew's Gospel, on several occasions, sought to elevate Peter and portray him as greater than the other disciples; here it is taken for granted that it would be Peter who would be able to emulate Jesus by walking on water. It is Matthew's Gospel that says that Jesus told Peter, "thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church." Nevertheless, one modern scholar summarises the portrayal of Peter in Matthew as "confused, cowardly, without understanding, disliking suffering, giving with a view to future gain, impetuous, impulsive and unstable, stingy in forgiving, overestimating his ability, and denying his master miserably."

Elaine Pagels (Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas) says that although the author of John's Gospel grudgingly accepted Peter as leader, he frequently has an anonymous 'disciple whom Jesus loved' surpass Peter, as if the author wished to undermine Peter. At his last appearance, the risen Jesus asks Peter three times whether he loved him, using the Greek word for sacred love (agape), and each time, Peter's answer disappointed. In this last episode, Jesus addressed him each time theatrically as "Simon, son of Jonah", not as Peter, the name always previously used by Jesus; it was as if the scene was designed to humiliate Peter in front of the other disciples. In the final scene at Galilee, Jesus rejects Peter in favour of the unknown disciple.

Overall, it seems that Matthew is saying that Jesus was supportive of Peter, in spite of Peter's character flaws, but that John is portraying Jesus as ultimately disappointed in Peter, finally rejecting and humiliating him. The two accounts were written in different communities and form different traditions that probably reflect the teachings of the two communities.

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