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Pupil Dilation Responses

Human pupils may dilate for various reasons, including memory load, cognitive difficulty, valence, arousal, pain, and so on (Beatty, 1982). For single responses, Hess (1972) reported that such dilation would occur 2-7 seconds after emotional stimuli were presented and suggested faster dilation for stronger stimuli. Partala and Surakka (2003) showed that there was first seemingly no response for about 400ms, and then a steep increase in pupil size peaking at 2-3 seconds after stimulus onset, using different sounds (baby crying, laugh or regular office noise).

When performing a cognitively demanding processes, pupils dilate in responses to mental workload of the task and peaks at about 1-2 seconds after the onset of demand (Beatty, 1982), and constrict after the task is completed, either gradually (Kahneman and Beatty, 1966; Hess, 1972) or instantly (Bernhardt et al., 1996).

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