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sloping layers of sedimentary rock build up; for example, wind can pile up sand as hill or ridges aka dune As mineral grains of diverse color and composition are blown across the dune, discernible layering can develop, inclined at an angle parallel to the slope of the dune. Such angled layers also develop in sand bars and stream deltas. Geologists refer to this as "cross-bedding" because it cuts across the direction of ordinary horizontal bedding. Sets of cross-beds often develop. For example, at any given point in a stream, periods of deposition may alternate with periods of erosion as the velocity of the wind or water changes. A set of cross-beds in a bar will be truncated by erosion, then covered by another set of cross-beds when deposition resumes.

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Graded beds are sedimentary layers characterized by a gradual change in grain size, typically from coarser particles at the bottom to finer particles at the top, indicating a decrease in energy during deposition. In contrast, cross beds are formed by the deposition of sediment at an angle to the main bedding plane, often resulting from processes like wind or water flow that create inclined layers within the overall sedimentary structure. While graded beds signify a single depositional event with varying energy levels, cross beds illustrate the dynamic conditions of sediment transport and deposition.


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Scientists study the shapes of cross beds to understand the direction and strength of ancient water or wind currents that formed them. By analyzing the cross bed geometry, scientists can reconstruct the environmental conditions in which the rock layers were deposited, providing valuable information about past environments and processes.


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