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Mining Exchange was created in 1880.
James Newman - mining engineer - was born in 1880.
The post-1880 newcomers who came to America are called the 'New Immigrants'. The immigrants came from the eastern and southern Europe.
Depends on which immigrants, and where they were. In some cases, they did not speak the same language as the mine owners. The mines may have been an unsafe place to work. Pay was small, and in many cases, the immigrant had to buy EVERYTHING from the mining company- food, housing, and mining tools and supplies. And the mining companies set the prices for those things.
Immigrants in the 1880's did not oppose their low wages. The central job of a union is to limit the supply of labor from which employers are allowed to hire. Immigrants raised the supply and thus lowered the cost of labor.
Chinese Immigrants
Italian immigrant
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Immigrants would work for low wages in unsafe conditions
the population of California in 1848 was 6,000
Most immigrants into the United States between 1880 and 1920 came from Europe. Some of the most popular nationalities were Irish, Italian, Greek, and British.
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