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Two contemporary frameworks that underpin social policy are the welfare state model and the capabilities approach. The welfare state model focuses on providing a safety net for individuals through social services and benefits to promote social equity and well-being. In contrast, the capabilities approach, developed by Amartya Sen, emphasizes enhancing individuals' abilities to achieve their potential and lead fulfilling lives, addressing not just material needs but also opportunities for personal development and agency. Together, these frameworks guide policymakers in creating inclusive and effective social policies.

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