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Afforestation is the establishment of forest or stand of tree in an area where there was no forest

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What are the methods of conservation of land?

Afforestration, terrace farming,bunding as well as preventing soil/land erosion which will degrade or deteriorate the land. Again solid waste and other pollutants should be minimized from the land.


Multipurpose river valley project and alternate water supply method?

The advantages: Water resource management including irrigation, water for human consumption, flood control and others, Disadvantages: reduces natural fertility in the normally flooded zones, impacts on fisheries, inappropriate use of water resources or over use of those resources. Multipurpose project is one which has more than one use it has many uses like for agriculture encourages tourism encourages fishing controls flood helps in irrigation it developes incathment area helps in afforestration produce hydro electricity helps in transport and navigation give shelter to wildlife, etc


What is hard and soft engineering in geography?

The terms sea defense and coastal protection are used to mean, respectively, defense against flooding and erosion. The term coastal defence is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has expanded to include techniques that allow erosion to claim land.Hard engineering is generally defined as controlled disruption of natural processes by using man-made structures. It is sometimes considered to be the use of concrete breakwalls to limit the amount of coastal erosion on a being or a cliff-face where land is being absorbed by the sea or steel sheet piling to stabilize shorelines and achieve safety along the coastline to limit the amount of sand being transported by longshore drift.Soft engineering is the use of ecological principles and practices to reduce erosion and achieve the stabilization and safety of shorelines and the area surrounding rivers, while enhancing habitat, improving aesthetics, and saving money. Soft engineering is achieved by using vegetation and other materials to soften the land-water interface, thereby improving ecological features without compromising the engineered integrity of the shoreline or river edges.