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Queer theory grew out of several disciplines including philosophy, women's studies, and gay and lesbian studies. Queer theory is founded in poststructuralism and postmodernism in the sense that it takes up the ways in which sexuality and gender are socially constructed rather than fixed or biological categories.

Queer theory sought to deconstruct the politics of identity which had successfully driven movements for women's rights, the civil rights of peoples of color, and the rights of gay and lesbian people. Prominent theorists of the field are Judith Butler, Eve Kosofky Sedgwick, Teresa de Lauretis (though she has later spoken out against the field's masculinism), and Michel Foucault. In the 1990s queer theory was considered to be on the cutting edge of critical studies, gender theory, and the study of identity production.

In recent years, however, queer theory has been questioned for its trendiness, anti-political appeal to elite academics, and inability to address the realities of identity-based oppression.

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