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Smoking is most often associated with emphysema and lung cancer. There is also increased risk for cancer of the tongue, larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus. Tar from smoking damages the cilia in the upper airways and is absorbed by the alveoli in the lungs, creating a reduction in their elasticity and causing some alveoli to die. Inhaled carbon monoxide in the smoke deprives the body of oxygen, binding to red blood cells in place of oxygen and raising blood pressure by forcing the heart to pump more blood through the body.

Besides its effect on the respiratory system, smoking may also lead to diseases of the bladder, kidney, and pancreas. Nicotine causes arteries to constrict, lowering skin temperature and reducing blood flow to the hands and feet. It may also cause hardening of the arteries and may leads to premature wrinkling of the skin, especially facial skin.

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