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Many things. The change from tribal, often nomadic, hunter-gatherers to settled, crop-growing farmers by human society resulted in the emergence of, among other things,

1) small family units, rather than tribes

2) permanent housing, rather than movable shelter like tents, etc

3) cities, and civilization

4) language and arithmetic, to keep track of your crops and how much was grown

5) arts and 'culture' - some people became 'thinkers', since there was enough food so that not EVERYBODY had to hunt.

6) money, for the 'thinkers' to buy food from the 'growers' with

7) division of society in to 'class' distinctions - workers, clerks, priests, rulers, and so on

You see, the trick was, since a certain percentage of the population, say, 80%, could grow enough food to keep everybody else in the area fed, that let the other 20% start to use their minds for other things - everything from cave painting to building pyramids, thinking about math and science, inventing writing, et cetera.

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