Evolution

Because the dinosaurs from which birds are descended did not have penises. Nevertheless, penises have evolved in a few separate bird lineages, like the group to which ducks, geese and swans belong. But the separate origins of these organs show: they are quite different in structure and function from mammalian penises.

An interference with the normal flow or progression of events in nature. This can lead to disruptions in ecosystems, climate patterns, and biodiversity, with potential negative consequences for the environment and living organisms. It is often caused by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and habitat destruction.

An example of convergent evolution in the tundra is the similar physical adaptations seen in Arctic foxes and North American red foxes. Both species have evolved thick fur, compact bodies, and small ears to survive in the cold tundra environment. Despite not being closely related, they have developed these shared traits due to the similar selective pressures of the harsh tundra climate. This convergence highlights how different species can independently evolve similar characteristics to thrive in the same ecological niche.

The change in a population over time is called population dynamics. This includes factors such as birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration that influence the overall size and structure of a population.

Alfred Russel Wallace is best known for independently formulating the theory of natural selection alongside Charles Darwin. He conducted extensive fieldwork in the Amazon and the Malay Archipelago, leading to significant insights about species distribution and adaptation. Wallace's paper on natural selection, presented jointly with Darwin in 1858, helped catalyze the acceptance of evolutionary theory. Additionally, his work on biogeography laid the foundation for understanding how geographic barriers influence species diversity.

No. Intelligent Design is not a viable theory since it does not explain all of the steps nor provide any evidence to substantiate its claims. As a result, the Theory of Evolution remains unchallenged by it.

Most evolutionary change occurs through natural selection, where individuals with traits that provide an advantage in their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those advantageous traits on to future generations. This process leads to the gradual accumulation of beneficial traits in a population over time.

Stars change over time due to the nuclear fusion reactions happening in their cores. As a star ages, it goes through different stages based on its mass. Factors like mass, temperature, and composition contribute to a star's evolution. These factors determine how long a star will live and what it will become at the end of its life cycle.

The movement of stars over time influences the formation and evolution of galaxies by shaping their structure and dynamics. As stars orbit within galaxies, their gravitational interactions can lead to the merging of galaxies, the formation of new stars, and the redistribution of gas and dust. This ongoing process of star movement plays a crucial role in shaping the overall appearance and behavior of galaxies throughout their lifespan.

An evolutionary track is the path that a species follows over time as it adapts to its environment and changes genetically. It influences the development of species by determining which traits are favored and passed on to future generations, leading to the evolution of new species or variations within a species.

One basic trend in animal evolution is increasing complexity, with species developing more specialized structures and functions over time. This can be seen in the gradual development of anatomical and physiological adaptations in response to changing environments and ecological pressures.

Darwin concluded that organisms on the Galápagos Islands showed variation from island to island, leading to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution. He observed unique adaptations in species such as finches and tortoises, which helped support his ideas on how species could change over time in response to their environment.

Cuvier believed there was no evidence for the evolution of organic forms but there was evidence for succeeding creations after the catastrophic extinction events.

But in the course of history, he said, catastrophic events had killed off all members of some species, and their fossils would no longer be seen in the rocks. Later, he believed the old species were replaced by new ones that repopulated Earth.

Like many other scientists of his day, Cuvier spoke about the theory of catastrophism. This theory was based on the statement that there have been violent and sudden natural catastrophes such as great floods and other very sudden physical changes to the earth. Organisms that were living in those areas where these sudden, violent changes had occurred were often killed and replaced by new life forms moving in from other geographic areas. The fossil record of this type of area would show rapid changes in species.

Yes, seals and dolphins are examples of convergent evolution. Despite having different ancestors, they have evolved similar streamlined body shapes, flippers, and adaptations for swimming in their aquatic environments. This convergence is a result of facing similar environmental pressures in their habitats.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believed that if an individual uses a trait more frequently, it will become more developed and prominent in subsequent generations. Charles Darwin, on the other hand, proposed that favorable traits are naturally selected for in a population over time through the process of natural selection.

People affect the Earth through activities like deforestation, burning fossil fuels, and producing large amounts of waste, which contribute to climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution. Human actions can alter ecosystems, disrupt natural processes, and lead to negative consequences for the environment. Ultimately, human impact plays a significant role in shaping the health and future of the planet.

DNA is replicated in the S phase; synthesis phase.

There have been quite a few humans who tried to work out how organisms change with time. Lamarck tried his ideas but was discredited.

Today's Theory of Evolution was discovered with evidence and thought by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Darwin spent the most energy on gleaning evidence so the theory is these days credited to him. As David Attenborough says, he gave the idea 'irresistable force' when he happened upon a mechanism by which it could occur: Natural Selection.

Religious believers of creation say humans are made by God.

Otherwise, neither; evolution does not teach that humans evolved from monkeys, but instead from ape-like creatures millions of years ago.

The operculum assists in protecting the gills of fish and regulating water flow for respiration. This evolutionary adaptation allows for better oxygen exchange and helps prevent debris or predators from entering the gills.

Crocodiles first appeared around 200 million years ago during the Mesozoic Era. They are ancient creatures that have remained relatively unchanged over millions of years.

Geographical barriers such as mountains, oceans, rivers, and deserts can prevent gene flow among populations, leading to reproductive isolation and eventually speciation. These barriers create isolated environments where different selective pressures can act, driving the evolution of distinct traits in separated populations. Over time, these differences can accumulate, resulting in new species adapted to their specific environments.

The law of use and disuse, proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, suggests that organs in an organism's body will develop with increased use and deteriorate with disuse. This theory has been largely discredited in evolutionary biology, as traits are now understood to be inherited through genetic information rather than acquired through individual actions during an organism's lifetime.

Some examples of species that have evolved due to geographic isolation include the Galapagos finches, Hawaiian honeycreepers, and the marsupials of Australia. Geographic isolation can lead to the development of distinct traits and adaptations in isolated populations over time, eventually creating new species.