Age of Enlightenment

Joseph II of Austria implemented Enlightenment ideas by promoting religious tolerance, abolishing serfdom, and introducing legal reforms to improve the lives of his subjects. He also supported education and tried to centralize the government, believing in the power of rationality and progress to create a more just society.

1. Emphasis on reason and rational thinking as the primary source of knowledge and truth.
2. Criticism of traditional authority, including religious and political institutions.
3. Promotion of individual rights, freedom, and equality as essential values in society.

The Enlightenment was a widely-felt change about ideas of reason and natural understanding, felt all across Europe, around the times between 1670 and 1750. The Enlightenment brought the idea of "common sense" and reason into normal social practice, and led to things such as a decline in trials for witchcraft, due to a majority of people beginning to accept the roles of natural law in human lives.

Enlightenment thinking, specifically its emphasis on reason, observation, and objectivity, influenced Realism by shaping a focus on portraying the world as it is, often emphasizing the struggles of everyday life and portraying social issues. Realist artists sought to represent reality truthfully, reflecting the influence of Enlightenment ideals on their approach to depicting the world.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued in his work "The Social Contract" that the people and their ruler enter into a social contract where individuals agree to be governed in exchange for protection of their natural rights. This contract defines the rights and powers of both parties and emphasizes the idea of popular sovereignty.

The ideas of the Enlightenment continue to influence modern society in areas such as individual rights, separation of church and state, and the importance of reason and science in decision-making. These principles have had a lasting impact on concepts of democracy, human rights, and the pursuit of knowledge.

Diffusion plays a crucial role in the spread of people, products, and ideas by enabling their movement from one place to another. It can lead to the transfer of goods, cultural practices, and innovations between different regions, resulting in cultural exchange and the adoption of new technologies. Diffusion can also facilitate the expansion of markets and the globalization of economies as it allows for the widespread dissemination of products and ideas.

The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century characterized by a focus on reason, science, individualism, and skepticism of authority. Some key contributors were thinkers like Voltaire, who advocated for freedom of speech and religion, John Locke, who emphasized natural rights and the social contract, and Montesquieu, who proposed the separation of powers in government. These thinkers laid the foundation for modern Western philosophy and political thought.

An overthinker is someone who tends to dwell on thoughts and problems excessively, often to the point of creating unnecessary stress or anxiety. They may have difficulty making decisions or may struggle to move past certain thoughts or scenarios in their mind.

The growth of cities and towns-apex

There are a four ideals that helped spread enlightenment. The four ideals were the rise of the public sphere and public opinion, the growth of a print culture and literary market, the breakdown of abolitionist politics and the rise of coffee houses, clubs, social gatherings.

The Vienna government believed that the Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty were the main causes of revolutions. They feared that these ideas fueled nationalist sentiments and uprisings against established monarchies.

Women like Madame du Châtelet played a crucial role in supporting and promoting Enlightenment ideas by hosting salons that brought together intellectuals to discuss and debate these ideas. They also participated in translating and disseminating Enlightenment texts, as well as engaging in scientific and philosophical pursuits themselves. By providing a platform for intellectual exchange and contributing to the circulation of Enlightenment ideas, they helped shape the intellectual landscape of the time.

The Year of Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Enlightenment, began in the mid-17th century and lasted through the 18th century. It was a period marked by new ideas in science, philosophy, and politics that emphasized reason, logic, and individualism. Key figures of this time include Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Voltaire.

The Enlightenment greatly influenced the scientific method, principles of democracy, individual rights, and secularism in Western societies. It also promoted the idea of progress through reason and knowledge.

Enlightenment thinkers championed freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press as essential rights for individuals to express themselves, practice their beliefs, and hold the government accountable.

The French Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement in France during the 18th century that emphasized reason, science, and individualism over traditional authority and religion. Key figures of this period include Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, who contributed to the development of ideas such as liberty, equality, and secularism that would influence the French Revolution and modern political thought.

Not necessarily. The opposite of Enlightenment thinking would be rejecting reason and evidence-based thinking altogether, rather than valuing imagination and emotion over reason. The Enlightenment promoted the use of reason and critical thinking, but it did not dismiss the importance of imagination and emotion entirely.

Inductive reasoning (I learned this in geometry) is reasoning in which you use observations rather than direct information to solve a problem. For example, instead of using a data table to determine something, you would use LOGIC, OBSERVATIONS, and INFERENCES to come to a conclusion. Hope this helps! :)

Enlightenment ideas about race departed from previous national groupings in that they classified individuals based on perceived biological differences rather than cultural or geographic distinctions. This racial categorization was used to justify hierarchies of power and privilege, leading to the development of scientific racism and the belief in inherent racial superiority.

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that involves making generalizations based on specific observations. It involves moving from specific instances to broader generalizations. For example, observing that all observed metals expand when heated would lead to the generalization that all metals expand when heated, based on inductive reasoning.

The Scientific Revolution, which emphasized observation, experimentation, and reason, laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment built upon these ideas by promoting intellectual freedom, rationality, and a questioning of traditional authority, leading to advancements in various fields such as philosophy, politics, and economics. Both periods were characterized by a shift towards skepticism, empiricism, and a focus on individual rights and freedoms.

During the Enlightenment, the most famous encyclopedia was "Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts) edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It aimed to compile and present all knowledge of the time in a systematic and accessible way. The Encyclopédie contributed greatly to the spread of new ideas and knowledge during the Enlightenment.

Catherine the Great's reform efforts in Russia reflected Enlightenment ideas by focusing on modernization, education, and legal reforms. She promoted religious tolerance, improved access to education, and attempted to modernize Russia's legal system. Her policies were influenced by Enlightenment principles of progress, reason, and the belief in the power of education to improve society.

It tried to teach people to think for themselves and challenge authority.

Two Enlightenment ideas that challenged church authority were the belief in reason and scientific inquiry as the basis for knowledge, rather than relying solely on religious doctrine, and the promotion of individual rights and freedoms, which conflicted with the traditional hierarchical structure of the church.