Age of Enlightenment

Enlightenment period scholars, such as John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, significantly shaped modern political thought by promoting ideas of individual rights, separation of powers, and the social contract. Locke's theory of natural rights emphasized that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed, while Montesquieu advocated for the division of government into branches to prevent tyranny. Rousseau introduced the concept of popular sovereignty, arguing that legitimate political authority arises from the collective will of the people. These ideas collectively laid the groundwork for democratic governance and inspired revolutions around the world.

I believe Machiavelli is the answer. Though the term is much older and dates to Roman and Greek thinkers it began it's more current meaning from the writings of Machiavelli who used it to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies.

Christianity, democratic ideals and the Industrial Revolution

The Europeans, particularilily Britain and Russia.

For the scientific revolution the central belief is that everything can be explained through science and that they need not rely on religion for answers. The Enlightenment was more focused on the ideals that everyone was created equal, the nobleman as well as the peasant.

At the time of the scientific revolution, sources of knowledge dealing primarily with mathematics and astronomy were most often referred to. The scientific revolution began in the mid-1500s.

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Education is a desirable aim for all of humankind.

The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason, individual rights, and skepticism of authority, inspired revolutionary ideas that challenged existing political and social structures. Thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau advocated for concepts such as liberty, equality, and the social contract, which motivated people to question monarchies and oppressive regimes. This ideological shift laid the groundwork for significant revolutions, such as the American Revolution in 1776 and the French Revolution in 1789, as people sought to establish governments based on Enlightenment principles. Ultimately, the Enlightenment fostered a belief in the possibility of progress and change, fueling movements for democracy and social reform.

In America, John Locke's idea of "Life, Liberty and Property" can be seen in the Constitution.

It was changed to "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness" by Thomas Jefferson because at that time, the colonists were taking the property away from the natives.

chy was a natural progression from the long held European belief in the Divine Right of Kings. Many European monarchs claimed this absolute power, denying citizens any rights to limit the range of their power. By the 19th century, however, only Russia recognized The Divine Right of Kings.

Sadly, no. He lived throughout the Renaissance period, though.

It influence America to have their own kind of government by using the influential Enlightenment thinker's thoughts. For example, Montesquieu created the checks and balances that the Americans are using even until today! Hope this helps.

Rulers would feel ambivalent about the Enlightenment because it promoted ideas of freedom, individual rights, and limited government, which could challenge their absolute power and authority. On the other hand, the Enlightenment also produced ideas that could benefit rulers, such as promoting reason, education, and efficiency in government.

Some of the negative aspects of the Enlightenment included the reinforcement of colonialism and imperialism through the belief in the superiority of Western civilization, the exclusion of marginalized groups such as women and minorities from participating fully in the movement, and the development of scientific racism and eugenics based on flawed beliefs about hierarchy and human diversity.

René Descartes contributed to the Enlightenment by advocating for reason and rationalism as a means of understanding the world. His famous quote "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am") emphasized the importance of individual thought and skepticism towards traditional beliefs. Descartes' works laid the foundation for modern philosophy and science, influencing many Enlightenment thinkers.

The promise of the Enlightenment was to promote reason, science, individualism, and progress as a means to improve society. It aimed to challenge traditional authority, encourage freedom of thought and expression, and promote equality and human rights.

During the Enlightenment, people began to believe that reason could lead to progress in areas such as science, politics, and society. They believed that through rational thought and empirical observation, they could uncover new knowledge, challenge traditional beliefs, and improve the human condition.

Artists such as Chardin would have rejected the entire Rococo period of painting. They would have felt like they were above the gaudy displays and the pompous attitude depicted in the art of the period.

People questioned long-accepted views.

The microscope .

Gainsborough and Reynolds- apex(:

portray the beauty of everyday life

This question is beside the point.

the Enlightenment started about 1600 with the Scientific Revolution (SR) of Galileo,

Descartes and Newton.

SR's message of relativity, subjectivity and rationality clearly extended beyond

the scientific into the human.

Philosophers did not grasp a button of this message and deformed it,

paving the way to the anti-Enlightenment reaction of "idealist" irrational

balderdash culminating in the fatuous Great German Idealism, which in turn

lead to Nazism and Gulag.

It's by far too short a description of an enormous phenomenon and, if requested,

I can elaborate.