Ancient Wars

The pass at Thermopylae was held to precipitate a sea battle to destroy the Persian fleet in the nearby strait of Artemesia - the sea battle was lost so the blocking force was withdrawn.

The Spartan contingent continued to hold the pass to cover the blocking force's withdrawal. It was annihilated, but won lasting fame for its selfless sacrifice.

There was no Salamis war. There was a naval battle of Salamis which was part of the Greek strategy to repel the Persian invasion of the Greek mainland in 480 BCE.

It did not. Athens was occupied by the Persians, its people evacuated and given refuge in southern Greek cities and its forces were embarked on its fleet to help defeat the Persians at sea.

The Spartans fought the Persians at the Battle of Thermopylae .

About 400 ships on each side, with two hundred per ship. 400x200=80,000.

It was called that because Sparta excelled in land military while Athens excelled in marine warfare.

Rome has a number of types of government. It stated with a monarchy. This was replaced by the Republic, which was headed by two annually elected consuls. This was followed by rule by one man. The first 300 years of these neve been called the Principate where the ruler were called Princeps 'first man' and claimed to respect the institutions of the Republic and that they were not autocrats. The final period has been called the Dominate, where the style of rule was more autocratic.

Persia invaded peninsular Greece to incorporate it within its empire to stop the incessant wars which spilt over into the empire.

The southern Greek cities resisted, and determined to first destroy the Persian fleet to end the amphibious threat to the Greek cities, and to prevent the Persian army being resupplied by sea.

The pass at Thermopylai was blocked by a small army force from the cities, which the Persians tried to outflank by sea, running into the waiting Greek navy in the nearby strat at Artemesion.

Unfortunately for the Greeks they lost the sea battle, and as the blocking force was no longer required, it was withdrawn. The Spartan and Thespian contingent remained behind to cover its withdrawal, sacrificing themselves to let the others get away.

The Mede general Datis and Persian general Artaphernes commanded the Persian forces.

There was no Thermopylai war. It was a holding action in which 7,000 forces from the southern Greek city-states held the pass for three days. The persian force was 180,000 strong but in the narrow pass comparatively few were fighting at any stage.

The Greek city-states which did not side with Persia.

Persia

The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle between the Persian Empire navy compising contingents from Phoenicia, Asian-Greek cities and Egypt, and a coalition fleet from 28 southern Greek city-states led by Sparta in 480 BCE. It was fought in the strait between the island of Salamis and Athens.

Athens fought off a Persian expeditionary force sent to punish it for burning down the Persian provincial capital of Sardis in Asia Minor several years earlier.

Notably , the battle was between the French and English armies ~ see related link below for the Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign .

Notably , the battle of Marathon .

The Greek coalition was at war with the Trojans - hence the name .

It was the army of Athens and its ally Plataia. They waited until the Persians were loading their cavalry on ships and attacked the inferior Persian infantry left without their cavalry support.

No, it was a holding operation, and when its purpose was comleted, the Greek coalition force was withdrawn.

The Greek force at Thermopylai was not defeated, it was withdrawn. The Spartan and Thespian contingents remained holding the pass to let the other contingents get away and were anihilated.

Thermopylai was not a war, it was a small delaying action in the 50-year Persian War.

Athens had already abandoned the city and sent its women, children, oldies and slaves to refuge in cities in the Peloponnesian peninsula.

The able males manned its fleet which combined with the fleets of the other cities to fight on at sea.

The Persians burnt and looted the city and demolished its walls in retribution for the defeat inflicted on them at Marathon ten years earlierat. The Persians withdrew north for the winter, then reoccupied the city the following spring.

When the Persians were defeated by the coalition of Greek city-states at Plataia, the Athenians reoccupird their city and built new walls, this time extending them down to include its port, so that the city could be supplied by sea in future seiges.

20,000.

An expeditionary force from the Persian Empire and the combined armies of Athens and its ally Plataia.

They were celebrating a religious festival, or at least so they said.

The object was to destroy the Persian fleet. By blocking the pass it forced the Persian fleet to try to turn it by sea. The Greek fleet was waiting and engaged the Persian fleet. The Greek plan failed as they lost the sea battle.