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Atmospheric Sciences
Atmospheric science is the study of the atmosphere, its processes, and the interaction of the atmosphere with other systems, including the effects other systems have on the atmosphere and visa versa. Fields in Atmospheric Sciences include Meteorology, Climatology, and Aeronomy. Ask and answer questions about Atmospheric Sciences in this category.
7,660 Questions
Which holds more water vapor 12kg of air or 20kg of air?
At the Chemical Convention known as STP, or Standard Temperature and Pressure, 20 kg of Air contains more water vapor.
What are 2 ways the earths atmosphere get heated?
- The Earth's atmosphere is heated through solar radiation, where sunlight is absorbed by the Earth's surface and then re-radiated as heat into the atmosphere.
- Atmospheric heating also occurs through the greenhouse effect, where certain gases trap heat in the atmosphere by preventing it from escaping into space.
What are the two most abundant gases which make up the earths atmosphere?
Nitrogen N2 78.08%
Oxygen O2 20.95%
What are the major divisions of the earth's atmosphere?
The major divisions of the Earth's atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. These layers are defined by changes in temperature and composition as altitude increases. The troposphere is where weather occurs, while the stratosphere contains the ozone layer that protects us from UV radiation.
What is half the size of earth has two moons and has a atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide?
The planet that is half the size of the earth, has 2 moons, and has an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide is Mars. The average length of a day on Mars is 37 minutes longer than that of the Earth.
Does A stable atmosphere acts to increase fire behavior by enhancing convection?
No, a stable atmosphere typically suppresses fire behavior by limiting vertical movement of air and reducing convection. Stable conditions can hinder the development of strong updrafts and spread of fire.
What process removed most of the water vapor from Earth's early atmosphere?
The majority of water vapor from Earth's early atmosphere was removed through a process called outgassing, where water vapor condensed and formed oceans as the planet cooled. Additionally, the formation of rocks and minerals also absorbed water from the atmosphere.
What satellites or robots have explored mars and in what year?
The first successful fly-by of Mars was on July 14--15, 1965, by NASA's Mariner 4. On November 14, 1971 Mariner 9 became the first space probe to orbit another planet when it entered into orbit around Mars.The first objects to successfully land on the surface were two Soviet probes: Mars 2 on November 27 and Mars 3 on December 2, 1971, but both ceased communicating within seconds of landing. The 1975 NASA launches of the Viking program consisted of two orbiters, each having a lander; both landers successfully touched down in 1976. Viking 1 remained operational for six years, Viking 2 for three. The Viking landers relayed color panoramas of Mars and the orbiters mapped the surface so well that the images remain in use.
The Soviet probes Phobos 1 and 2 were sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and its two moons. Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars. Phobos 2, while successfully photographing Mars and Phobos, failed just before it was set to release two landers to the surface of Phobos.
Following the 1992 failure of the Mars Observer orbiter, the NASA Mars Global Surveyor achieved Mars orbit in 1997. This mission was a complete success, having finished its primary mapping mission in early 2001. Contact was lost with the probe in November 2006 during its third extended program, spending exactly 10 operational years in space. The NASA Mars Pathfinder, carrying a robotic exploration vehicle Sojourner, landed in the Ares Vallis on Mars in the summer of 1997, returning many images.
The NASA Phoenix Mars lander arrived on the north polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008. Its robotic arm was used to dig into the Martian soil and the presence of water ice was confirmed on June 20. The mission concluded on November 10, 2008 after contact was lost.
The Dawn spacecraft flew by Mars in February 2009 for a gravity assist on its way to investigate Vesta and then Ceres.
Spirit Rover (MER-A) was active from 2004 until 2010, when it stopped sending data.
Current missionsThe NASA Mars Odyssey orbiter entered Mars orbit in 2001. Odyssey's Gamma Ray Spectrometer detected significant amounts of hydrogen in the upper metre or so of regolith on Mars. This hydrogen is thought to be contained in large deposits of water ice.The Mars Express mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) reached Mars in 2003. It carried the Beagle 2 lander, which failed during descent and was declared lost in February, 2004. In early 2004 the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer team announced the orbiter had detected methane in the Martian atmosphere. ESA announced in June 2006 the discovery of aurorae on Mars.
In January 2004, the NASA twin Mars Exploration Rovers named Spirit (MER-A) and Opportunity (MER-B) landed on the surface of Mars. Both have met or exceeded all their targets. Among the most significant scientific returns has been conclusive evidence that liquid water existed at some time in the past at both landing sites. Martian dust devils and windstorms have occasionally cleaned both rovers' solar panels, and thus increased their lifespan.
On March 10, 2006, the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) probe arrived in orbit to conduct a two-year science survey. The orbiter will map the Martian terrain and weather to find suitable landing sites for upcoming lander missions. The MRO snapped the first image of a series of active avalanches near the planet's north pole, scientists said March 3, 2008.
The joint Russian and Chinese Phobos-Grunt mission to return samples of the Martian moon, Phobos, launched in 2011. The spacecraft missed its opportunity to enter an orbit that would bring it to Mars, so it has failed its planned mission.
En routeThe Mars Science Laboratory, named Curiosity, launched on 26 November, 2011, and plans reach Mars in August 2012. It is larger and more advanced than the Mars Exploration Rovers, with a movement rate of 90 m/h. Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 13 m. Future missionsIn 2008, NASA announced MAVEN, a robotic mission in 2013 to provide information about the atmosphere of Mars. In 2018 the ESA plans to launch its first Rover to Mars; the ExoMars rover will be capable of drilling 2 m into the soil in search of organic molecules.The Finnish-Russian MetNet, is mission concept where multiple small vehicles on Mars to establish a widespread observation network to investigate the planet's atmospheric structure, physics and meteorology. MetNet was considered for a piggyback launch on the Russian Phobos-Grunt mission, but not selected.
Why is the coldest layer of the atmosphere next to the hottest layer of the atmosphere?
The coldest layer of the atmosphere is in the Mesosphere. This is because temperatures are decreasing as the Mesosphere extends upward above the Stratosphere. The air is thinner because the air particles are further apart. The next layer, known as the Thermosphere is the hottest layer. The reason why this layer is so hot, is because it contains fewer air molecules then the other layers, making the air very thin and easy to warm. The Thermosphere is closest to the sun and most sensitive to solar energy which is why it gets hot very quickly.
What are the names for each layer?
The layers of the atmosphere, starting from the Earth's surface, are: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
What are the consequences if nitrogen gas is absent from Earth's atmosphere?
If nitrogen gas were absent from Earth's atmosphere, it would disrupt the nitrogen cycle, affecting plant growth and nutrient cycling. This would lead to a decrease in food production, as nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants. Additionally, the composition of the atmosphere would change, potentially impacting climate and ecosystem functioning.
Can you create atmosphere like earth?
Well this is a very broad question, if you're talking about another planet, then it is plausible. In our solar system mars holds the highest potential. Mars has an atmosphere one percent as thick as ours, but the soil holds much Martian air, although it is CO2 rather than our atmosphere which is majorly composed of nitrogen and oxygen. but Mars has the potential for a "chain reaction" if the planet can be heated by 4 kelvin (4 celsius) then air would start to release from the soil, causing a thickening atmosphere, resulting in higher temperatures etc. Getting those four kelvin can proove a huge deal, there have been many proposed options, such as a giant space mirror of 100 kilometers, and some as absurd as nuking the planet, but in retrospect, once the chain reaction has occurred, then the planet should settle around the same pressure as earth, then the task is converting the CO2 into 02, which if was done on Earth i believe it can be done on mars, maybe through bacteria, or maybe artificial plants, but the answer to your question is yes, and sorry for the long explanation
What percent does water makes up in of most organism?
Water makes up approximately 60-70% of the weight of most organisms. It is an essential component for various biological processes, such as nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and chemical reactions.
What does the earth atmosphere include?
All four spheres can be and often are present in a single location. For example, a piece of soil will of course have mineral material from the lithosphere. Additionally, there will be elements of the hydrosphere present as moisture within the soil, the biosphere as insects and plants, and even the atmosphere as pockets of air between soil pieces.
What are the first few meters of the troposphere heated by?
The first few meters of the troposphere are primarily heated by the Earth's surface through the process of conduction. As the sun's radiation strikes the ground, it warms the surface which then transfers heat to the air in direct contact with it. This creates a temperature gradient leading to convection currents that further distribute heat throughout the troposphere.
What are the layers of the atmosphere from closest to farthest from Earth's surface?
The layers of the atmosphere from closest to farthest from Earth's surface are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
What would earths atmosphere likely consist mostly of without the presence of life?
If Earth did not have any life, its atmosphere would likely consist mostly of nitrogen, similar to the atmosphere of Mars or Venus. Volcanic activity would have likely contributed to the release of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. Sunlight and cosmic rays might also have influenced the composition of the atmosphere over time.
Does temperature increase as altitude increases because you move closer to the sun?
No temperaure change in the Earth's atmosphere is related to your distance from the sun.
And temperature generally decreases with atitude.
Interesting . . . Let's say your friend is walking along the sidewalk, and you're in a
commercial airliner flying at 35,000 feet above him.
He's about 0.000007 percent farther from the sun than you are. I'm guessing
that the heat he absorbs from the cigar being smoked by the guy across the
street is enough to make up that much difference between his solar environment
and yours.
(Here we're talking heat only. Not solar X-rays, UV, energetic particles, or gamma rays.)
Why does the warm moist air rise at the frontal boundary?
Warm moist air rises at a frontal boundary because it is less dense than the surrounding air. As the warm air rises, it cools, causing the moisture to condense and form clouds and precipitation. This process is known as atmospheric lifting, which is responsible for the formation of weather systems such as thunderstorms and frontal systems.
What does the atmosphere contain that humans need?
The atmosphere contains Nitrogen, a gas that humans need to breakdown protein. Nitrogen take up 78 percent of it. Oxygen is found in the atmosphere (let's assume that you knew that). We all know what the Oxygen does... right?
Would you burn in the thermosphere?
The thermosphere is very hot, but you wouldn't necessarily burn up because the particles are so far apart. It would actually feel very cold. I'm not sure what would happen if you did happen to hit just one of these particles, but it certainly wouldn't be as dramatic as burning up.
What are the difference between the mercury barometer and aneroid barometer?
A mercury barometer works by, measuring the height of a column of mercury in a sealed tube, supported by the atmospheric pressure.
An aneroid barometer measures the amount of distortion of a sealed metal can, due to changes in atmospheric pressure. The equivalent column of mercury supported by a mercury barometer, can then be calibrated in mmHg by comparison.
Both instruments do the same job and can be calibrated in Millibars or mmHg, or both.
The pressure of the gas is equal to the atmospheric pressure plus the difference in the heights of the mercury levels. To convert 736 mmHg to cm, divide by 1.333. Then calculate the difference in heights: 9.2 cm. Add the two values together to find the pressure of the gas.
How does oxygen get out of the earths atmosphere?
I won't get into details here as I'll be here all day.
The gist of the matter is that every planet has a given mass, and that mass is relatively constant, meaning that the acceleration due to gravity stays that way at a given height above the earth (the height must remain constant for that aforementioned statement to be valid), so at the surface there is actually a give, 'escape velocity' found using Newton's law of Gravitation, that states that if a given mass has this velocity it can escape that planetary body's gravitational pull indefinitely.
Now, for earth that is around 11km/s which is very very fast, but think about heat energy inside a system, this time this system will be the earth's atmosphere. When the heat and radiation energy from the sun reaches the earth some of the energy is immediately reflected back into space (the percentage of the energy reflected from the surface is called the 'albido' of a given planet or object in space. Now, as heat energy is seen these days to be an adaptation of kinetic energy but on the atomic scale, if enough energy from the sun hits a certain amount of air molecules in the upper atmosphere, they actually, individually can have this escape velocity, sending some air molecules into space, at a rate that is quite hard to determine exactly but it happens nonetheless.
Also, thought this is only accountable for a smaller percentage of the escaped atmosphere, the rotation of the earth coupled with the distance of the molecules in the upper atmosphere being a bit further than that of the surface, this means the gravitational force that acts on these air molecules is that much weaker such that they could potentially just rotate off into space.
Think of a merry-go-round and the faster it goes the more you tend to be thrown outwards, same principal, just replace the merry-go-round with the earth, and you with the air molecules.
Hope this helps.
Cheers.
Why are the components of Jovian atmospheres so different from those of terrestrial planets?
They are different because terrestrial planets is any of Earth like planets including: Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth. However jovian planets are the Jupiter like planets including: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
