Atmospheric Sciences

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the molecule that enters a leaf from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

The components of the atmosphere include oxygen, 20.95%; carbon dioxide, 0.03%; argon, 0.93%; nitrogen, 78.09%. This in addition to hydrogen, xenon, neon, helium, krypton, methane and ozone.

Sunlight that hits the Earth's surface is absorbed by the Earth. It is then reflected back.

The Earth's atmosphere consists of five main layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer plays a crucial role in supporting life; for instance, the troposphere contains the air we breathe and weather patterns, while the stratosphere houses the ozone layer that protects us from harmful UV radiation. The thermosphere is vital for communication, as it contains the ionosphere, which reflects radio waves. Understanding these layers helps us protect the environment and navigate climate change challenges.

No, jets are not in the stratosphere; they typically operate in the troposphere, which is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. Commercial jet aircraft usually fly at altitudes between 30,000 and 40,000 feet, which is still within the troposphere. However, the stratosphere, located above the troposphere, starts around 33,000 feet and extends to about 164,000 feet, where weather patterns are less turbulent. Some high-altitude research aircraft may reach into the lower stratosphere, but conventional jets primarily operate in the tropospheric layer.

Clouds primarily form in the troposphere, the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the surface up to about 8 to 15 kilometers (5 to 9 miles) high. This layer contains most of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather phenomena occur. While some clouds can also form in the stratosphere, especially at higher altitudes, the troposphere is where the majority of cloud types are found.

In the atmosphere, a variety of processes occur, including the water cycle, which involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Additionally, atmospheric circulation patterns distribute heat and moisture globally, influencing weather and climate. Chemical reactions, such as those involving greenhouse gases, also take place, impacting air quality and climate change. These processes are interconnected and play a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are gases that accumulate in the atmosphere as a result of biological processes such as respiration, digestion, and decomposition of organic matter. These gases are known as greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming and climate change.

Plants, including trees and other vegetation, can remove carbon from the atmosphere through a process called photosynthesis. Carbon is absorbed from the air and used to create sugars, which are stored in the plant's tissues.

celestite

After nitrogen leaves the atmosphere, it primarily enters the soil and water through processes like precipitation or deposition. In the soil, nitrogen can be taken up by plants in the form of nitrates and ammonium, becoming part of the terrestrial food web. Additionally, nitrogen can be converted by microbes into various forms through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification, ultimately returning some nitrogen back to the atmosphere.

Volcanos.

Hydrogen and helium

No. People live in the troposphere.

Water moves through the atmosphere primarily through the processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Water evaporates from bodies of water, condenses into clouds, and falls back to the surface as precipitation in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. This movement of water is known as the water cycle.

What happens to Solar Energy is that some of it gets absorbed into air, land and water while the rest gets reflected back to space.

The Earth's atmosphere absorbs about 23% of incoming solar radiation. This absorption occurs mainly due to gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone, as well as clouds and aerosols. The remaining solar radiation reaches the Earth's surface, where it can be utilized for various processes, including photosynthesis and solar energy generation.

I think you are talking about the aurora - there are different ones around the north pole and around the south pole.

It focuses visible light.

At the South Pole, aurora are called aurora australis.

It depends on their position and the way solar energy is absorbed.

To get a general idea of this lets look at the German V-2, which was the first rocket to get out of earth's atmosphere (but it could not put anything in orbit).

The V-2 was fueled with 8400 pounds of ethyl alcohol and 10820 pounds of liquid oxygen.

Meteorites burn up in the mesosphere, which is the third layer of the Earth's atmosphere, located above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. As meteoroids enter this layer at high speeds, they experience intense friction with atmospheric gases, causing them to heat up and produce the bright streaks of light known as meteors. This process typically occurs at altitudes between 75 and 100 kilometers (46 to 62 miles) above the Earth's surface.

oxygen

20.946% by volum.