Chemical Engineering

p&ids r docs used to desribe symbols,abbreivations prefixes and specialised equipments while pfds r sketches that use symbols to represent instruments/vessels used in process engrn and also shows the direction of flow.

dimensional consistency says that in any equation the dimensions of the quantities in the rhs and lhs are same.

for example

force =mass*acceleration

force dimensions are MLT-2 : mass dimension M ;acceleration dimension LT-2 togehter the right hand side is also having MLT-2 dimension same as that of force.

heart beating?

Use the Equation of State (EOS) in combination with the Antoine's Equation to determine vapor pressure.

You usually need at least a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering to enter this field. Some engineering colleges offer work-study programs that combine work experience with formal study. It generally takes four or five years to earn a bachelor's degree in engineering. Many jobs in chemical engineering also require advanced degrees. You can earn a master's degree in one or two additional years of full-time study. Many chemical engineers find that a master's degree in business administration is useful, especially if they want to become managers. If you want to do research or teach at the university level, you will need a doctoral degree. It usually takes about four years of full-time study beyond the bachelor's degree to earn a doctoral degree. Many engineers continue their education on a part-time basis after they have found jobs in their field. Employers often pay tuition for courses that engineers take to improve their job skills. Chemical engineers must be willing to study throughout their careers so that they can keep up with advances in engineering technology.

Engineers who offer their services to the public or whose work affects life, health, or property must be licensed by the state in which they work. They generally need a degree from an approved engineering college, about four years of work experience as an engineer, and a passing grade on a state examination before being licensed as a professional engineer.

The Resistance to Attack by Aviation Phosphate Ester Fluids (of which Skydrol is) with Polycarbonate (Lexan) is listed as "Poor" and Skydrol "Not Recommended."

See also the associated links.

When more overhead liquid product is refluxed in a distillation column the liquid rate in the column increases. This may or may not be an optimal change in the column. Too little reflux will not have the proper vapor-liquid contact to promote separation and the overhead product will may meet the desired concentration specification. Too much reflux will flood the column and lead to wasted energy and cooling utilities associated with condensing more vapor than necessary. On a McCabe Thiele diagram for a binary distillation, increasing the reflux will decrease the slope of the stripping operating line. Typically the optimum reflux ratio (overhead product sent back to the column divided by distillate removed) is the theoretical minimum reflux ratio multiplied by a factor of 1.2-1.5.

The rate of transfer of a process is equal to the driving force divided by the resistance.

The mass transfer coefficient is the resistance to mass transfer. In mass transfer the driving force is the concentration gradient. The mass transfer coefficient is considered anything that contributes to resistance to mass transfer: thermal and eddy diffusivity, distance, etc.

Fick's law of diffusion describes convective mass transfer as:

N=-c*D*(ca2-ca1)/(z2-z1)

where:

-c is some constant multiplier (unitless)
-The quantity (z2-z1) is the distance between two points. (length i.e. meters)
-D is the mass diffusivity or the diffusion coefficient and is dependent on properties of the substance (such as particle size etc.) and temperature. (units: length2/time i.e. m2/s)
-The quantity (ca2-ca1) is the concentration gradient between the same two points (the driving force) (units: amount/length3 i.e. mol/m3)
-N is the rate of mass transfer (units: mass/(length2*time) i.e. mol/m2*s) )

Putting Fick's law in terms of the mass transfer coefficient kc', yields:

N=-kc'*(ca2-ca1)

where kc'= -c*D/(z2-z1).

You can see that the mass transfer coefficient is in fact a function of the diffusivity.

The word 'coagulant' is usually used by people when they want to explain why cuts have stopped bleeding. Water purification, particularly on an industrial scale, uses Chlorine to kill harmful bacteria with water passing through various size filters to remove or clean the water before people can drink the water

The general thinking is that with the increase in thickness of insulation around the system(say a pipe) the heat loss will always reduce.This is true only up to a certain radius of the insulation called the critical insulation radius.After this radius any increase in the thickness would in fact increase the heat loss.This happens because there are two phenomena taking place here viz. conduction and convection.Conductive resistance is dx/k i.e. thickness/conductivity with increase in thickness the conductive resistance increases hence heat loss decreases.Convective resistance is 1/hA,now beyond the critical radius the increase in conductive resistance is offset by the reduction in convective resistance.This is because with increasing radius one has also achieved a greater heat transfer area as A=2*pi*r*l.

ASTM A105 - For ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems.

ASTM A350 - intended primarily for low-temperature service and requiring notch toughness testing.

im thinking its 2*pi[as in the constant 3.14...]*radius*length

im guessing this gives are of a cylinder

production optimization is increasing the quality&quantity of products

0.069inches

Flooding point is the point where the liquid overflows because of the high gas velocity coming from the bottom. Loading point is velocity at which absorption starts taking place.

It is pretty low, close to zero.

The Iron rod(Fe) reacts with the Copper Sulphate. Substitution reaction takes place.

Fe+CuSO4--> FeSO4 + Cu

pure iron rusts too rapidly and crumbles, however many iron alloys can be very durable. Iron is a pretty cool element, though, still.

Azota Gas Ltd. is the name of a company.

Limiting the hole area to 13-14% prevents weeping in distillation columns. This may be limited by the allowable pressure drop specified for the column (too little leads vendors to specify a higher % hole area, thus causing weeping).

Chemical engineering entails the construction, design and the operation of plants and machines that perform the chemical reactions to make useful products.

Channeling occurs when a fluid flowing through a bed is not evenly dispersed throughout the bed. For instance large diameter reactors have more frequent channeling problems where liquid is prone to channel along the reactor walls. Channeling should be avoided and reduces efficiency and conversion since reactants do not have proper contact with catalysts or separation media.

Diethyl malonate, a colourless, fragrant liquid boiling at 199 C, is prepared by the reaction of monochloroacetatic acid with methanol, carbon monoxide or by the reaction cyanoacetic acid (the half nitriled-malonic acid) with ethyl alcohol. Diethyl malonate is an important intermediate in syntheses of vitamins B1 and B6, barbiturates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, other numerous pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and flavors & fragrances compounds.