Chromosomes

The X chromosome is linked to the overwhelming majority of sex linked traits, except for one - gender.

Short Answer:

There are just over a thousand genes on the X chromosome and about 26 on the Y. Of the 26 on the Y, 9 relate to sperm and one (SRY) relates to male anatomy, the others involved in general tasks.

The fact that there are a hundred times more genes on the X chromosome means that traits related to the X, and variations in those traits, are far far more common.

Sex-linked traits are those that can only be passed along from the father and not the mother or from the mother and not the father.

Obviously, males do carry and pass on sex-linked traits, just not very many.

Gender can only be passed along from the father, along with genes related to sperm.

Females pass on to the male offspring a larger number of traits, (such as some color blindness and male pattern baldness) which have no counterpart in the Y chromosome.

More:

Males have an X and a Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes.

Because the Y chromosome is smaller than the X with far fewer genes, there are genes carried only on the X and only gotten from the mother. That does not mean that all males have Y chromosomes that are the same.

Overwhelmingly though, the absence of the set of genes on the Y chromosome results in the corresponding genes on the X chromosome being expressed, in particular all of the X-linked disorders of a gene of an X chromosome in a male do not have a second X gene that can be expressed to compensate. Thus, there are a set of sex-linked traits that can only come from the mother.

(Color blindness and male pattern baldness are the two most discussed examples.)

A male offspring (son) has the same Y chromosome as the father and hence any traits influenced by that chromosome.

A female offspring (daughter) has the same X chromosome as the father and hence any traits influenced by that chromosome. A recessive gene on the X from the father will not usually be expressed in a daughter, but a dominant gene on the X from the father will be expressed in the daughter.

For a female to inherit a trait associated with an X-chromosome recessive gene, there must be two copies, one from each parent.

Aside:

The issue of gender-connected inherited traits has much more complexity than this simple discussion can address. For example, not all of the so-called male characteristics are carried on the male (Y) chromosome. The expression of genes on other chromosomes, from both the mother and father, is influenced by genes on the Y chromosome or simply by the absence of two X chromosomes. The reader should investigate further.

Caveat: This discussion applies to humans and other mammals with the XX/XY sex determination system. See related links.

Fun Fact: A woman discovered that the Y chromosome was male. While studying worms, in 1905, Nettie Stevens at Bryn Mawr College identified the Y chromosome as the determining factor in gender.

Replication chemicals trigger during cell replication trigger DNA to wrap tightly around histone octamers (histone proteins) to create nucleosomes, for DNA synthesis. This happens during the prophase stage of cell replication.

Guevodoces have the usual XY male chromosomes. The apparent lack of male genitalia at birth is due to a hormonal deficiency that causes a reduced response to testosterone during fetal sexual development. As a result, the baby boy has small and ambiguous genitalia until sex hormones surge at puberty, causing the external genitalia to develop.

A porcupine typically has 34 chromosomes in each cell.

Both parents will give a girl an X chromosome. The father will give a Y and the mother will give an X to a boy.

During interphase, chromosomes are in a relaxed and extended state called chromatin. This allows for gene expression and DNA replication to occur. Chromosomes are not distinguishable structures during interphase, as they are not condensed and visible as separate entities.

Mendel's conclusions, based on his pea plant experiments, included the principles of segregation and independent assortment. These principles describe how genes are passed down from parent to offspring. The chromosomal theory of inheritance later connected Mendel's principles to the physical basis of heredity by identifying chromosomes as the carriers of genetic information, thus explaining how genes are inherited and expressed through the process of meiosis and fertilization.

They are not obsolete. Y chromosomes are what make males. When a child is conceived, they get two chromosomes: one from their mother, and one from their father. Since all women have two X chromosomes, the child gets an X from their mother. The father can give the child either an X or Y chromosome depending on the sperm that fertilizes the egg, since men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.

Chromosomes form during cell division, specifically during the process of mitosis. During mitosis, the chromosomes condense and line up before being separated into two daughter cells.

Chromosomes are important for organisms because they contain the genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic information carries instructions for the development, growth, and functioning of an organism. Through the process of cell division, chromosomes ensure that this genetic information is accurately passed on from one generation to the next.

Absolutely everything that the genes in your mitochondria or chloroplasts (if you're a plant) don't control. In eukaryotes like us ALL your genes are on chromosomes, with the exceptions I mentioned.

One cell would receive all the DNA, and the other would receive none. The one that receives no DNA would die since the cell needs an intact genome to function, and the other cell would probably die too. Having too many copies of chromosomes can be fatal, and I would expect that having double the needed DNA would kill the cell.

It depends on the cell. If the cell is a non sex cell, the daughter cell has 46 chromosomes, if it a human cell.

If it is a gamete, it has 23, half the number of the parent cell. This is in a human as well.

Yes, there are chromosomes in the white blood cells found in blood. White blood cells contain genetic material in the form of chromosomes, which carry the individual's unique DNA. These chromosomes are important for genetic testing and can provide information about a person's health and ancestry.

Autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine gender (sex chromosomes). In humans, autosomes are the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in males and females. These chromosomes contain genes responsible for various traits and characteristics, other than those related to sexual development.

No, cystic fibrosis affects males and females equally. It is an inherited genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which can be passed down from each parent who carries a mutated gene.

A female grasshopper typically has 24 chromosomes.

A mother have 46 chromosomes and a father have 46 chromosomes when they come together in fertilization these chromosomes splits 23 from the mother (egg) and 23 from the father (sperms) and so forming the new zygote which is the baby with 46 chromosomes

It is because males produce sperm cells with the X chromosome and sperm cells with the Y chromosome. If a sperm cell with a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, then that child would be a boy, as the Y chromosome produces male offspring. If a sperm cell with a X chromosome fertilizes an egg, then the child would be a girl, as X is the female chromosome. The mother always passes on a X chromosome, but the father can pass on an X or a Y and thus determine the sex of the baby.

Proteus syndrome is not caused by a specific gene on a particular chromosome; instead, it is thought to be due to a somatic mutation (mutation occurring after fertilization) in the AKT1 gene. This mutation leads to overgrowth of certain tissues in the body, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.

A reverse segment within a chromosome refers to a region where the sequence of genetic material is inverted or reversed in orientation compared to the normal arrangement. This inversion can disrupt the normal function of genes within that region and may lead to genetic disorders or abnormalities.

Cystic fibrosis mainly affects the lungs, pancreas, and liver. In the lungs, it causes the production of thick mucus, leading to breathing difficulties and increased risk of infections. In the pancreas, it can obstruct the ducts, impairing digestion and nutrient absorption. In the liver, it can lead to liver disease and complications.

The chromosomes become invisible during interphase in the cell cycle, specifically during the G1, S, and G2 phases. This is because the chromosomes are in a less condensed state and are unravelled into thin, thread-like structures called chromatin.

Having an equal number of chromosomes allows for successful reproduction through the process of meiosis, where the number of chromosomes is halved to produce gametes. This ensures that offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes when they receive genetic material from each parent. Having an equal number of chromosomes also promotes genetic diversity through recombination during meiosis.