Civil Engineering

• Cost:

  Many believe the costs associated with green building make the building methods cost-prohibitive.

• Air Cooling Features:

  When utilizing green building cooling components, such as natural ventilation, consumers do not have a precise mechanism to increase or decrease exact temperatures: This is a difficult hurdle for many green building occupants to overcome.

• Structural Orientation:

  In order to best optimize sun exposure, green building may demand structural positioning opposite of other neighborhood homes, causing friction among neighbors. In addition, differences in structural orientation will affect how natural daylight enters the building structure: with this in mind there may be a need to install more overhangs, blinds, or shades.

• Green roofs:

  In general, green roofs are comprised of multiple layers including a vegetation layer, growing medium, drainage or water storage, insulation, a waterproofing membrane, and roof support. Since they are usually heavier than a traditional roof, builders need to improve upon the existing roof’s strength in order to install a green roof.

• Labor Laws:

  Labor law compliance requirements, in regards to green building, have not fully solidified. For this reason, it is advisable to seek experienced legal counsel in order to avoid costly liabilities.

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IT largely depends on the soil nature. On an average, in ordinary clayee soil it can excavate up to 50cum per hour.

Contract In law, a contract is a binding legal agreement that is enforceable in a court of law. That is to say, a contract is an exchange of promises for the breach of which the law will provide a remedy According to legal scholar Sir John William Salmond, a contract is "an agreement creating and defining the obligations between two or more parties". Construction contract Formal agreement for construction, alteration, or repair of buildings or structures (bridges, dams, facilities, roads, tanks, etc.). A construction contract is distinct from a contract to assemble, fabricate, or manufacture. While construction contracts serve as a means of pricing construction, they also structure the allocation of risk to the various parties involved. The owner has the sole power to decide what type of contract should be used for a specific facility to be constructed and to set forth the terms in a contractual agreement. It is important to understand the risks of the contractors associated with different types of construction contracts. Lump Sum Contract In a lump sum contract, the owner has essentially assigned all the risk to the contractor, who in turn can be expected to ask for a higher markup in order to take care of unforeseen contingencies. Beside the fixed lump sum price, other commitments are often made by the contractor in the form of submittals such as a specific schedule, the management reporting system or a quality control program. If the actual cost of the project is underestimated, the underestimated cost will reduce the contractor's profit by that amount. An overestimate has an opposite effect, but may reduce the chance of being a low bidder for the project. Unit Price Contract In a unit price contract, the risk of inaccurate estimation of uncertain quantities for some key tasks has been removed from the contractor. However, some contractors may submit an "unbalanced bid" when it discovers large discrepancies between its estimates and the owner's estimates of these quantities. Depending on the confidence of the contractor on its own estimates and its propensity on risk, a contractor can slightly raise the unit prices on the underestimated tasks while lowering the unit prices on other tasks. If the contractor is correct in its assessment, it can increase its profit substantially since the payment is made on the actual quantities of tasks; and if the reverse is true, it can lose on this basis. Furthermore, the owner may disqualify a contractor if the bid appears to be heavily unbalanced. To the extent that an underestimate or overestimate is caused by changes in the quantities of work, neither error will effect the contractor's profit beyond the markup in the unit prices. Cost Plus Fixed Percentage Contract For certain types of construction involving new technology or extremely pressing needs, the owner is sometimes forced to assume all risks of cost overruns. The contractor will receive the actual direct job cost plus a fixed percentage, and have little incentive to reduce job cost. Furthermore, if there are pressing needs to complete the project, overtime payments to workers are common and will further increase the job cost. Unless there are compelling reasons, such as the urgency in the construction of military installations, the owner should not use this type of contract. Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract Under this type of contract, the contractor will receive the actual direct job cost plus a fixed fee, and will have some incentive to complete the job quickly since its fee is fixed regardless of the duration of the project. However, the owner still assumes the risks of direct job cost overrun while the contractor may risk the erosion of its profits if the project is dragged on beyond the expected time. Cost Plus Variable Percentage Contract For this type of contract, the contractor agrees to a penalty if the actual cost exceeds the estimated job cost, or a reward if the actual cost is below the estimated job cost. In return for taking the risk on its own estimate, the contractor is allowed a variable percentage of the direct job-cost for its fee. Furthermore, the project duration is usually specified and the contractor must abide by the deadline for completion. This type of contract allocates considerable risk for cost overruns to the owner, but also provides incentives to contractors to reduce costs as much as possible. Target Estimate Contract This is another form of contract which specifies a penalty or reward to a contractor, depending on whether the actual cost is greater than or less than the contractor's estimated direct job cost. Usually, the percentages of savings or overrun to be shared by the owner and the contractor are predetermined and the project duration is specified in the contract. Bonuses or penalties may be stipulated for different project completion dates. Guaranteed Maximum Cost Contract When the project scope is well defined, an owner may choose to ask the contractor to take all the risks, both in terms of actual project cost and project time. Any work change orders from the owner must be extremely minor if at all, since performance specifications are provided to the owner at the outset of construction. The owner and the contractor agree to a project cost guaranteed by the contractor as maximum. There may be or may not be additional provisions to share any savings if any in the contract. This type of contract is particularly suitable for turnkey operation.

Believe it or not the popular slang term Guy for (man) may apply, they were originally called Man-ropes intended for manual carriage to the job site, perhaps, and then Guy=wire evolved. Might also have something to do with Guidon, a type of pennant used by the Cavalry and roughly meaning Guide-Man from the French Guide-Homme.There may be some rough connection with Gaffs as in ship rigging, also.

Ans: It is type of Kilns used for manufacture of bricks in early days

SPT n Values can help to calculate the Bearing Capacity of any soil specimen as they will combine to change the density of the soil by extracting various chemicals such as helium and hydrogen.

no ductility

Asphalt

coal tar

Tar sands

Brown coal

Advantage of T beam

Gate-leaf of slide gate move vertical or horizontal by means of screw hoist on its frame to open or close the waterway thus regulate the flow and it can be used as a type of sluice gate but other type of gates are also used as sluice gate like flapgate, radial gate,needle gate,automatic gate,fixed wheel type vertical gate etc. Also same type of gates when installed on diffrent structures called by that structure's gate like crest gate, head regulator gate, cross regulator gate, escape gate, etc.

1. The portland cement is used in general construction.
2. The type-II cement is used in general concrete construction exposed to moderate sulphate action. i.e.,
   
   • Concrete to be used in marine conditions.
   • Concrete to be used in the construction of sewage treatment works.
     

Depends on type and quantity of oil, but it tends to dissolve the bitumen binder and so destroy the asphalt.

cement experiy time

to design rcc structure in 3 types

advantage and disadvantage of spun pile

There are no curing time requirement for prime coat.

You can asphalt rigth away after your prime as long as the prime have the proper temperature.

There are curing time for TACK COAT which is different. (TACK IS OVER ASPHALT,PRIME IS OVER BASE ROCK ).Is a common mistake confuse those two different operations.

The curing time for TACK depend of the weather and varie between 8 hrs to 24 hrs.

Gustavo Cuenca

Civil Engineer.

Basically, a culvert means a covered hydraulic structure which conveys fluid. Therefore in a broad sense, pipe culverts in a small scale represent normal pipes like precast concrete pipes.

In terms of hydraulic performance, circular section is the best geometrical sections among all. Therefore, for relative small discharge, precast concrete pipes and ductile iron pipes are normally used which are circular in shape. But for applications of very large flow, precast concrete pipes and ductile iron pipes may not be available in current market. In this connection, cast-in-situ construction has to be employed. It is beyond doubt that the fabrication of formwork for circular shape is difficult when compared with normal box culvert structures. However, circular shape is the most hydraulic efficient structure which means for a given discharge, the area of flow is minimum. Therefore, it helps to save the cost of extra linings required for the choice of box culverts.

However, box culverts do possess some advantages. For example, they can cope with large flow situation where headroom is limited because the height of box culverts can be reduced while the size of pipe culverts is fixed. Secondly, for some difficult site conditions, e.g. excavation of structure in rock, for the same equivalent cross-sectional area, the width of box culverts can be designed to be smaller than that of pipe culverts and this enhances smaller amount of excavation and backfilling

IT helps strengthen the concrete and prevent cracking

But please note usually the "welded wire mesh" used in concrete is named reinforcing mesh, its wire is ribbed. And the wire of welded wire mesh in industry usually is plain, it used for fence panel, floor heating system and so on.

The following are reinforcing mesh and welded wire mesh link.

dingzhenfence.com/product/Welded_Wire_Mesh.html

dingzhenfence.com/product/Welded%20Wire%20Mesh

Think of a tensile load as a "pulling" force. A tensile load is the only type of load that can be taken by a rope, for instance.

Spun Pile is the pile that they produced at the factory and bring it to the worksite.It is almost the same with Bored Pile,but in side is hole.

Portland cement (often referred to as OPC, from Ordinary Portland Cement) fineness 300 - 500 m2/kg

2%....according to Bureau of Indian Standards, Concrete design code book - IS-456

Bagged Premixed Concrete will achieve an mpa strength of around 20 mpa and is usually expected to reach this at 28 days.

The "Rapid Set" Premix Bagged products are only good for about for about 5 mpa.

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Steel is stronger than concrete. By adding some reinforcement in the compression zone of a beam, it's bending strength can be increased without increasing the size of the beam. The steel increases the compression strength, while the concrete prevents the slender steel bars from buckling.