Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543 was a Polish priest and astronomer who created an alternative model of the planets which put the Sun at the centre, instead of the Earth as generally accepted at that time.
He knew it would get him into trouble with the church, and his book 'De Revolutionibus' was not published until the year he died. The theory with the Sun at the centre was similar to the old Ptolemaic system with its collection of circles and epicycles allowing for the changes in distance and the changes in planets' speeds, and their departure from the ecliptic.

Galileo Galilei noted that; if our Earth and other planets went around our Sun, Venus would exhibit phases like our Moon; but if our Sun and other planets went around our Sun, it wouldn't. GG looked at Venus over the course of several weeks and noted unmistakeable phases. He thus concluded that the Copernican model was not just a useful model for calculation, but supported by observation.

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestis (English: On the revolutions of heavenly spheres).

Galileo's telescopic observations of the 4 large moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus helped support the heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Copernicus. Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. In contrast, the geocentric model of Ptolemy predicted that only crescent and new phases would be seen since Venus was thought to remain between the Sun and Earth during its orbit around the Earth. Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus proved that it orbited the Sun and lent support to (but did not prove) the heliocentric model.

In Cambridge 1831

at opposition when the earth overtakes mars and passes between mars and the sun

Nicholas Copernicus is famous for saying that the Sun is in the center of the Solar System and that he was the best astronomy.

Nicolas Copernicus was mostly known for his astrology. He was also a mathematician, a physician, a translator, an artist, a diplomat, an economist.... But he was more well known for his astrology because he discovered heliocentrism ( theory that the sun is stationary at the centre of the earth).

Copernicus was correct in believing in the heliocentric model of the Solar System, which said the planets rotated round the sun. Ptolemy accepted the traditional geocentric view which had the Earth at the centre of the Solar System.

Because having said that he could prove it, he had to admit that he could not. Although the heliocentric theory is accepted now, it was not accepted in Galileo's lifetime. After his death scientific knowledge advanced to the point that everyone was forced to admit it was right.

But Galileo was not right, given the state of scientific knowledge during his lifetime.

Copernicus put forth a theory that the sun was the center of the Universe and that the Earth revolved around the sun. He also said that the Earth spins on an axis completing one rotation daily.

Copernicus was considered the father of modern astronomy because he devised a new heliocentric (Sun-centered) system. He also stated that the Earth and all the other planets revolved around a stationary central Sun.

It is about the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, it is by Nicolaus Copernicious.

He argued vigorously that the way to truth was to observe, rather than to philosophize. For example, when others argued that Jupiter couldn't possibly have satellites because such moons would serve no purpose, Galileo insisted that the answer could be found simply by looking at Jupiter through a telescope.

The revolutionary theory Nicolaus Copernicus published in 1543 was the Heliocentric model of the solar system. Published in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System. The book wasn't published until Copernicus was on his deathbed because of the outrage he expected his theory to cause.

The earth has seasons mainly because of the tilt to the earth towards or away from the sun. Contrary to popular belief, the distance from the sun caused by Earth's elliptical orbit only makes a minuscule difference in climate.

Leonardo da vinci and galaleo

Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomical theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun and that the Sun is stationary and at the center of the universe. cientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo correctly realized that Earth moves around the Sun, not vice versa, and thus cannot be the center of the universe.

Actually the ancient Greeks were the first to realize the world was round.

nobody really knows the exact year. it's after when he went to college, which is 1506, so it's probably in the early 1500's

All the models explain retrograde motion because it is such an obvious phenomenon. In Copernicus's model an outer planet goes into retrograde motion when the inner planet overtakes it so that it appears from the inner planet to be going backwards along the ecliptic.

He change the peoples prospectives of the universe.

This was because Catholic teachings back then were based on the idea that the Earth was the center of the Universe. Threatened by torture, Galileo was forced to deny that the Earth moves and that the Sun was the center of the Universe.

No physical theory is completely correct, because measurements always have a built-in error that you hope is small. But Copernicus's theory explaining in detail how the planets move was accurate enough for its time and was only found lacking later when observational techniques became sufficiently refined to show its errors.

In modern times we have better theories for planetary orbits but Copernicus's general idea that all the planets orbit round the Sun is now generally accepted since Newton's theoretical discoveries, which were applied to showed that the Sun is far more massive than anything else in the solar system.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. Copernicus dedicated the book to Paul III who was known for his astrological predilection. De Revolutionibus was a book and when he published it the gov't didn't want to get rid of the Earth-Centered (Geocentric) Theory so before they published De Revolutionibus, they wrote in the beginning of the book that the stuff written in the book was all fictional. The book was published in March 1543.