Diamonds

Diamonds have been known and treasured as gemstones since ancient times. However, their only significant source was in a limited supply in the alluvial river deposits of India. Small amounts of Diamonds were also found in Brazil in the 1700's, but it wasn't until the 1870's that the vast Diamond fields of South Africa were discovered and exploited. Since that time, many new significant worldwide deposits have been discovered, and since then the popularity of Diamond has grown tremendously due to increased supply and technological advances in cutting.

The most typical color used for Diamond jewelry is colorless. However, most Diamonds have a light tint, usually yellowish or brownish. Perfectly clear Diamonds are much more valuable than their lightly tinted counterparts. Although light yellow tinting is frowned on, a deep yellow color renders the Diamond as a fancy. Fancy yellow Diamonds have recently increased in popularity in jewelry. "Fancy", the term used to describe any deeply colored Diamond, not only includes the more common yellows and browns, but it also is used to describe the very rare tones of red, pink, purple, blue, and green. Black Diamonds, which are more common and less expensive, are occasionally faceted as opaque yet shiny gems. (For additional information on fancy Diamonds, please visit our Colored Diamond Shoppers Guide and our article titled "How are Natural Fancy Colored Diamonds Created".)

Roughly twenty percent of Diamonds mined are used in jewelry, as most are unsuitable for gemstone use. The vast majority are either opaque and not gem quality, or are too heavily flawed. A flawless Diamond is exceptional, as most Diamonds gemstones contain some level of flaws, even if they are very minute.

The immense hardness of Diamond contributes to its suitability and importance as a gemstone. Because of its hardness, a Diamond is immune to scratching, as the only thing that can scratch it is another Diamond. This resistance lends it the ability to withstand daily wear and tear beyond the capabilities of most gemstones. Diamonds are also difficult to polish due to their hardness - they can only be polished with special Diamond saws that have a thin layer of Diamond on the saw blades and edges.

A grading system, instituted by the GIA, was implemented to evaluate Diamonds based on four aspects. These four grading systems are known as "the four C's", in which all Diamonds are evaluated:
Color
Cut
Clarity
Carat weight

Color:
The color of a Diamond is graded on an alphabetical scale ranging from the letters D to Y. This scale measures the color saturation, ranging from absolutely colorless to deep yellow (or yellow-brown). D is totally colorless, without a hint of any other color. Y indicates an intense deep yellow or deep yellow-brown. The letters between D and Y describe the color, depending on the amount of yellow saturation. The color bar below depicts the letter and the color saturation it represents. (The bar is not limited to yellow; it may also be yellow-brown, and is not necessarily accurate as monitor saturation may vary.) The letter Z in the color grade of a Diamond may sometimes be used to indicate a fancy Diamond.




Cut:
The cut, or facetof the Diamond, is the shape and style in which it is cut. The most prevalent cut is the brilliant cut, a facet specially designed to bring out the most fire in the stone. Sometimes this cut cannot be given, either because of flaws or cleavage habits. Much planning must be taken before cutting a Diamond, as a slight error in the facet may significantly decrease the value of the stone.

Clarity:
Clarity is graded on the size and visibility of the flaws and inclusions. Letters are assigned to a stone to label the quality of its clarity:
FI Flawless Contains no flaws or inclusions at all IF Internally FlawlessContains no flaws or inclusions at a magnification of 10x VVS1 Very, very small inclusions Contains very tiny flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification VVS2 Very, very small inclusions Contains tiny flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification VS1 Very small inclusions Contains small flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification VS2 Very small inclusions Contains flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification SI1 Small inclusions Contains larger flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification SI2 Small inclusions Contains larger flaws or inclusions easily visible at 10x magnification I1 InclusionsContains inclusions visible to the naked eye I2 Inclusions Contains large inclusions visible to the naked eye I3 Inclusions Contains very large inclusions visible to the naked eye
Carat Weight:
The size of a Diamond is measured in carats (abbreviated as ct). A carat is equivalent to 0.2 grams (about 0.007 ounces). Another weight measurement sometimes used for small for Diamonds is the point measurement (abbreviated as pt). Each point is one/one hundredth of a carat. For example, a stone weighing 34 pt weighs .34 ct Larger Diamonds are worth more than proportionally smaller ones, meaning a 3 ct Diamond surpasses the value of three 1ct Diamonds.

Diamonds (as well as other precious colored gemstones) are often sold together with a certification document that lists comprehensive details about the stone, especially their 4 C's. These certificates are usually certified by recognized organizations such as the GIA and AGS (American Gem Society) and provide authenticity on the purchased stone. Diamonds that are certified have a premium over non-certified stones.

Diamonds are very difficult to synthesize, as their formation requires immensely high temperatures and pressure to form. However, the technology does exist to product synthetic Diamonds, but the output of these synthetic Diamonds is relatively limited due to the high costs involved in producing them.

USES Diamond is the most important gemstone in the jewelry industry. The colorless stone is most often used for jewelry, although yellows and browns are also used. (Brown stones are often marketed as "chocolate", "cognac", or"champagne" Diamonds, depending on color depth). Other fancies are too rare and expensive for the mainstream jewelry industry, and are exclusively reserved for the high end consumer. Black, opaque Diamonds are occasionally faceted into a black gemstones with a submetallic luster.
Diamond is the birthstone for April.

Please also visit our special page titled "Top Tips for Diamond Buying."

VARIETIES

• Black Diamond - Black opaque Diamond with a shiny submetallic luster that is occasionally used as a gemstone.
  
• Bort - Dark colored, imperfectly crystallized, opaque Diamond. May also refer to a fragment of a gem quality Diamond.
• Canary Diamond - Diamond with a deep yellow color.
• Fancy - Refers to colored Diamonds such as blue, red, pink, purple, and green, as well as deep yellow and deep brown. Fancy Diamonds are extremely rare and sought after.
  

• Arkansas Diamond
• Baffa Diamond
  
• Bristol Diamond
• Cape May Diamond
• Cornish Diamond
• Dauphine Diamond
• Herkimer Diamond
• Hot Springs Diamond
• Marmorosch Diamond
• Pecos Diamond
• Vallum Diamond
• Zabeltitzen Diamond

• Alaska Black Diamond - Hematite
• Jourado Diamond - Colorless synthetic Spinel
• Killiecrankie Diamond - Colorless Topaz from Killiecrankie Bay on the northern end of Flinders Island, Australia.
  
• Matura Diamond - Colorless Zircon
• Strass Diamond - Colorless glass used as a gemstone simulant
• Swarovski Diamond - Highly lustrous form of glass

The name for a large flawless diamond of 99 carats or more is a Paragon.

In olden days, this name was given to flawless diamonds that were at least 12 carats, however the standard was raised over time.

According to Wikipedia which quotes Liddell, H. G; Scott, R -- Adamas -- in a Greek-Enbglish Lexicon for the Perseus Project:

"The name diamond is derived from the ancient Greek αδάμας (adámas), 'proper.' 'unalterable,' 'unbreakable,' untamed', from ἀ- (a-), 'un-' + δαμάω (damáō), 'I overpower', 'I tame'."

From its Wikipedia page, diamond is identified as formed from carbon and is a mineral, native non-metal. Other characteristics include:

• Color: Most often colorless to yellow or brown. Rarely pink, orange, green, blue, gray, or red.
• Crystal habit: Octahedral, cubo-octahedral, spherical or cubic
• Crystal system: Diamond cubic (a = 3.56683 Å)
• Cleavage: Octahedral; perfect and easy
• Fracture: Conchoidal
• Mohs scale hardness: 10
• Streak: white
• Diaphaneity: Clear to not
• Specific gravity: 3.516-3.525
• Refractive index: 2.417
• Pleochroism: None
• Fusibility : Burns above 700 °C in air.
• Solubility: Resistant to acids, but dissolves irreversibly in hot steel