Electrostatics

It is basically the scale factor between the unit of force and

the unit of charge. There are actual electric and magnetic unit systems in

which there is no such factor (since it would be 1). For most of our

experiences we insist on measuring charge in coulombs and measuring forces (or

electric fields) in Newtons (Newtons per coulomb). The coefficient that we

need to make it come out right is related to the permittivity of free space.

The words probably go back to the days when we thought there was an ether in

space. You can also think about it as the way space effects the forces

between two charges. In this way it become s a property of space.

A stationary electric charge is called an electric static charge.

Lightning is considered a form of static electricity because it involves the buildup and discharge of electrical charges in the atmosphere. Just like static electricity, lightning occurs when there is an imbalance of positive and negative charges that are suddenly neutralized through a rapid flow of electricity.

A neutral pith ball will move towards a charged rod because the rod induces a temporary separation of charges in the ball, causing attraction between the positive charges induced in the side closer to the rod and the negative charges induced in the side farther from the rod. This results in an overall net attraction towards the charged rod.

Electrons are the particles that flow to produce an electric current in a conductor like a wire. When a potential difference is applied across a conductor, electrons move from the negative terminal to the positive terminal, creating an electric current.

As soon as you ask "Is it precisely true ...", we know immediately that it must

not be, and we know that our task is to search your version of the statement

for the hidden gotchas.

I don't think Gauss stated his "Law of Electricity" in terms of 'lines of force'.

Seems to me more likely that he stated it in terms of the surface integral over

the closed surface.

But even if you want to state it in terms of 'lines', then there are a couple of

small problems with the way it's stated in the question above:

1). Instead of the "total" number of lines, it would have to be the "net" number

of lines, and it would have to say something about the lines crossing the closed

surface in the direction normal to it, in case the closed surface isn't a sphere.

2). Gauss talked about just plain charge, without regard for positive or negative

as quoted here. And corresponding to that item, he wouldn't have mentioned the

"outward direction" either.

Not normally but it can be built up purposefully to get some pretty good arcs ranging anywhere Frm 1-5 inches these hold very little threat unless you have a heart condition or other issues that small voltage could disturb.

A charged comb can attract bits of paper due to the transfer of charge. When the comb is charged, it creates an electric field that interacts with the charged particles in the paper, causing them to be attracted to the comb. This phenomenon is a demonstration of electrostatic force.

Rubbing a balloon with your hand will cause the balloon to become negatively charged. This is due to the transfer of electrons from your hand to the balloon, creating a static electric charge. The negatively charged balloon can then attract positively charged objects or even stick to certain surfaces due to static electricity.

When you rub a pen on your hair, you transfer some of the oils and static electricity from your hair onto the pen. This can make the surface of the pen slightly sticky, causing the paper to stick to it.

A gold leaf electroscope is used to detect the presence of electric charge. When a charged object is brought close to the metal cap of the electroscope, the gold leaves will either repel or attract each other, indicating the presence and type of charge. It is commonly used in physics and static electricity demonstrations.

The skin has the highest resistance in the human body, followed by bones and cartilage. This resistance helps protect the internal organs and structures from damage caused by external factors like friction, impact, and infection.

An equipotential surface has the same value of potential. Thus, work done would be zero. Work done = Charge X Potential difference

Yes. Electricity flows from the negative side of a battery to the positive side. If you wrap your hand around the wire with the thumb following the electricity, the magnetic field will be moving in the same direction as the way your fingers are curled.

One example of static electricity is when you drag your feet across the floor and then shock someone. The shock is the static electricity.

Yes, the Earth is an electrically charged object. It has a net negative charge, which creates an electric field around it. This charge is mainly due to the presence of free ions in the atmosphere and the movement of charged particles in the Earth's magnetic field.

When an ebonite rod is rubbed with flannel, the rod becomes charged with static electricity due to the transfer of electrons between the two materials. The ebonite rod will acquire a negative charge, while the flannel will acquire a positive charge.

Static electricity can build up as a result of the friction between the flowing gasoline and the materials it comes into contact with during the pumping process. If the static charge is not dissipated safely, it can potentially create a spark when you touch the gas pump nozzle or your car, leading to a fire hazard due to the flammable nature of gasoline vapors.

A charged sphere has uniform density of charge on its surface. Choose any point inside the surface. Draw a narrow cone with its pointed end at your chosen point, and extending out to the surface of the sphere. It will intersect the surface of the sphere in a tiny, almost ellipse-like shape. Then, returning to your inside chosen point and extend your cone in the opposite direction until it hits the sphere again. Now you have two patches on the sphere; the surface area of each patch is proportional to the square of the distance of each one to your inner point. Also, the electric field strength generated by the patch of charge on your point is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the point. So the total field from the two tiny patches is the sum of two equal and opposite fields, and is therefore zero. You can see that for whatever direction you choose for this, you are always going to get zero field. So there is no electric field inside a spherical charged conductor.

A second approach is to integrate the electric field generated by this point charge around the sphere relative to a random point inside, and see that this (line integral) is zero. This is effectively the same as the above visualization.

E = Q / (4*pi*e*d^2):

E = the electric field due to charge Q

Q = charge

e = permativity of the medium

d = the distance from the point of interest

It's easier to think of this in two dimensions, then expand to three, so start with two dimensions and choose a random point within the circle, (r, cos (phi)). For the sake of explaining here, I'm chosing a point on the X axis of a unit circle centered at 0. Notice the E field created by charge p*dl (charge density times the unit length) at an angle of 30 degrees can be broken into a vector pointed in the -X direction, and -Y direction. Notice also, similar charge at -30 degrees can be broken into the -X direction and Y direction. The X component magnitudes will be equal and in the same direction, and the Y component magnitudes will be equal and in the opposite direction, so only the E field along the X axis remains, and is equivalent to E*cos (phi) dl. Since the surface is a circle, you'll have an equivalent point on each right side of (r, cos(phi)) and left side that will cancel in this manner.

Notice if you expanded two three dimensions, the same would hold true. Also notice the location of the point can truly be random and the above will still hold true (but make integrating messy!).

Now, if you peform the line integral for the above charge density on the surface of the circle to the right of the random point chosen (r, cos (phi)), and compare to the line integral to the left, the magnitudes will be exactly equal and opposite each other. Depending on how you set the line integral up, it can be very difficult.

You get two charged balloons, which both

stick to the wall but repel each other.

Dangers: Makes sparks which can cause explosions if there are inflammable gases or vapours around.

If you touch something with a large electric charge it will give you an electric shock which can burn you or stop your heart.

Sparks can ignite flammable liquids, vapours and powders.

Both are Inverse square law. It corresponds to the concept of lines of force spreading out uniformly from a source (mass or electric charge). If you imagine these line passing through a sphere surrounding the source at a distance R, The lines have to pass through its surface area of 4pi.R^2, so their density goes inversely as the square of the radius, (inverse square law) and hence the concept of lines of force.

I have never read of anyone trying to "generate" static electricity in a vacuum. However, there are letters from Nikola Tesla to J J Thompson in the "electrical experimenter" magazine available online. Tesla talks about discharges in a vacuum like those you see in plasma balls etc.... He mentions using a wimshurst machine which is simply a static generator to create plasma in a vacuum tube.... he places the standard spark gap of the wimshurst "inside" a vacuum chamber to observe the effects.

Static electricity can not necesarrily "stay" static within a vacuum. The big thing about the chamber is that its atmosphere is much less than that of normal air... so what would result as static build up in ambient pressures would result as a "plasma" type discharge in a vacuum... the big thing is that there is much less resistance inside a vacuum.

But, if you have ever played with a plasma ball you know that there is a static build up on the outisde of the ball due to the smell of ozone (creation of negative ions)... also foil and other conductors can draw arcs off one another while near the surface of the plasma ball... the electricity acts like static electricity but it doesnt "go away" like standard statics... this is due to a capacitive reaction in the air around the plasma ball and the fact that the thing is being continuosly powered... you can collect static charge from a television screen in a similar way but a large discharge to a ground will sometimes make the screen go blank....

I guess the main point would be since magnetism and electromagnetism are essentially the same things at their core. The big question becomes, "would whats on the inside effect things on the outside" and vice versa... the answer would have to be yes... saying no to that would be essentially the same thing as saying if i put a piece of glass in between a piece of metal and a strong magnet it wont be attracted because the glass would block it...

This is where it gets into the un researched realm..... there are.... well, WERE, many interesting scientists that did research on the electrical effects inside a vacuum chamber... the one thing nobody has ever done is re-create teslas experiment where he took his most powerful high frequency coil and powered a single light bulb with it... he describes it in his own words and it did NOT burn out blow up or fail in any way.... it apparently ended up becoming his basis for his wardenclyffe tower... you will notice in the old photos of wardenclyffe that the top of the tower is covered with "bulbs" and im pretty sure he wasnt just making "light" with those bulbs...

When a conductive sphere is connected to a source of charge, the charge will distribute itself evenly across the surface of the sphere. This is because charges repel each other and will spread out to achieve maximum separation. The overall charge on the sphere can change depending on the charge from the source and the existing charge on the sphere.

The angle between the electric dipole moment and the electric field strength on the axial line is 0 degrees (or parallel). This is because on the axial line, the electric field points in the same direction as the electric dipole moment, resulting in the minimum potential energy configuration for the dipole.