Evolution

Molecular evidence for evolution includes DNA sequencing, which reveals similarities in the genetic code across species. By comparing the DNA sequences of different organisms, scientists can infer evolutionary relationships and common ancestry. Additionally, the presence of pseudogenes and shared genetic markers further supports the idea of evolution through common descent.

Well, honey, early eukaryotes were like, "Hey, I need some help here!" So, they decided to cozy up to some prokaryotes and formed a little partnership called endosymbiosis. The prokaryotes brought their A-game with energy production, and the eukaryotes were like, "Thanks, now we can thrive and evolve into the fabulous creatures we are today." And that's how they rolled and survived, darling.

The classification system used in biology is called taxonomy. It organizes organisms into hierarchical categories based on their shared characteristics, such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. This system helps scientists to understand the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.

Bacteria came before plants. Bacteria are one of the oldest forms of life on Earth, dating back billions of years. Plants evolved much later from simpler organisms, eventually developing the ability to photosynthesize and becoming the diverse group we know today.

Pseudogenes are non-functional copies of genes that have accumulated mutations over time. By comparing pseudogenes across different species, scientists can study genetic changes that have occurred during evolution. Pseudogenes provide valuable insights into evolutionary processes and relationships between species.

Darwin's theory of evolution is not in crisis; it is widely accepted and supported by a vast amount of scientific evidence. The theory has been continuously refined and expanded upon since its inception, leading to a stronger understanding of how species evolve over time. While there may be ongoing debates and discussions within the scientific community about specific aspects of evolution, the overarching theory itself remains a foundational concept in biology.

The evolution that involves changes in a species over time to produce adaptations that allow the organism to better survive its environment is called natural selection. This process acts on heritable traits, favoring those that provide a survival or reproductive advantage, leading to the gradual improvement of the species' fitness in its environment.

The discovery of genetics and the mechanism of inheritance through Gregor Mendel's work provided evidence supporting Darwin's theory of natural selection. This, along with the fossil record showcasing transitional forms and the observation of adaptation in response to environmental pressures, led many scientists to accept Darwin's theory over earlier ideas like Lamarckism.

The Galápagos Islands provided the basis for much of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, specifically regarding natural selection. Darwin's observations of the unique species on different islands within the Galápagos archipelago contributed to his understanding of how species adapt to their environments over time.

The type of equilibrium where allele frequencies do not change is called Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This equilibrium occurs in an idealized population where certain assumptions are met, such as random mating, no mutation, no migration, no natural selection, and a large population size. In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the genotype frequencies can be predicted using the allele frequencies.

All creatures including human being undergo some kind of mutation is just that some mutation are very obvious, some are hidden mutation or some is so minute we dont even bothered as a mutation (eg. albino eyes, tan skin and other random stuffs like that). in normal circumstances, mutation doesnt affects the way we live as our body is already mutated for a certain enviroment but when circumstances changes, those with a better mutation would strive.

Take this example that DID NOT exist: lets say green eyes is one of those random mutations that no one cares about in normal circumstances. lets say in the future, some kind of solar flare hits earth and only those with green eyes would survive the flare. green eyes is at first very rare but as more non-green eyes died, only those with green eyes survives and their population became more. when they mate with other people, some of their childrens might have green eyes and some not. those without have a lower chance of survival. this continues until all human races have green eyes that can adapt to the solar flare.

this is what happen in natural selection. only those with the adaption survives these extreme circumstances. some evolution and mutation occur during this events as their body slowly mutate to adapt the enviroment and only those with a better mutation would survive long enough to pass their traits to their kids. our genetics are not fix and can change (or mutate) with the enviroment. like how some people are genetically born tall but due to lack of nutrients, they became short instead.

The hypothesis that proposes evolution occurs slowly but steadily is known as gradualism. It suggests that species evolve through gradual changes over long periods of time. This contrasts with punctuated equilibrium, which suggests that evolution occurs in short bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stability.

Geological "evolution" is based on reliably predictable patterns, for example the process of the formation of mountains as a result of tectonic stress, and the subsequent erosion of those mountains. The patterns are dictated by the laws of physics. Also, there is no "genetic material" that is inherited by a next "generation" of mountains.

Biological evolution, though it of course needs to operate within the constraints of the laws of physics and chemistry, is much harder or even impossible to predict as there are very complex co-dependent factors influencing the direction the evolution of a species will take. Each generation also drives the evolution of its species in a specific direction by inheriting the genetic code of its ancestors.

For example, the formation of mountains will follow the same pattern independent of the climate, while biological evolution is certainly influenced by climate.

What would there be to select from if all the organisms in a population were not different in morphology and behavior. Some of these differences are reproductively successful against the immediate environment, and that environment is the natural selector.

The process is called convergent evolution. It occurs when different species independently evolve similar traits or characteristics due to adapting to similar environments or ecological niches.

To keep yourself clean and neat using good soap for wash, wearing shirt and tie and ironed slacks, with cleaned polished shoes and shampooing hair and clean shaven chin and applying deodarant all adds up to be professional hygiene

Evidence for biological evolution through natural selection includes the fossil record showing a progression of species over time, similarities in anatomical structures among different species suggesting a common ancestor, the presence of vestigial structures that serve no purpose but reflect evolutionary history, and the observation of adaptations in response to changing environments.

Geological time provides a framework for understanding the timeline of evolution on Earth, allowing scientists to study how species have changed over millions of years. By dating fossils and rock layers, researchers can determine when specific organisms lived and how they evolved over time. This helps to build a more comprehensive picture of the history of life on Earth and the mechanisms driving evolutionary change.

I think it was 1987 when the Supreme Court ruled that no state could block the teaching of evolution and that creationism was religion and violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution.

We are currently in the Holocene epoch, which began around 11,700 years ago. This epoch is part of the Quaternary period in the Cenozoic era.

Natural selection occurs in trees through genetic variation within a population, environmental pressures that favor certain traits, and differential reproductive success based on those traits. Evolution occurs as advantageous traits are passed on to future generations, leading to changes in the population over time.

Recombination increases genetic variation by shuffling alleles between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to new combinations of genes in offspring. This increased genetic diversity can provide the raw material for natural selection to act upon, driving evolutionary change and adaptation in populations over time.