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Financial Statements
A financial statement is a record of the financial activities of a person or business entity where all related financial information are presented in an orderly manner and can be easily understood.
5,583 Questions
A forward sub ledger is the opening balance of your subledger. A subledger is known as the individual ledgers WITHIN the general ledger. For example, The debtors SUBLEDGER is also known as the detailed Debtors Trial balance or the Accounts receivable ledger The creditors SUBLEDGER is also known as the detailed Creditors Trial balance or the Accounts payable ledger
Is a balance sheet the same as a financial statement?
Balance sheet is a type of financial statement. Other types of financial statements could be income statement and statement of cash flow.
What is the difference between gross sales and net sales when reporting taxes?
Gross sales is how much money came in. (Let's say I sold 100 widgets at $10 each, my gross sales would be $1,000) Net sales is the profit after expenses (let's say I bought those 100 widgets from a manufacturer at $ 8 each. My profit per widget was only $2, so my net sales would be $200) In most areas, taxes are based on net sales, rather than gross sales.
How do the income statement and the balance sheet help management make sound decisions?
The income statement lets managers see what departments are productive. The balance sheet helps managers keep an eye on liabilities.
What is the journal entry when the owner deposits money into the business?
[Debit] Cash / bank
[Credit] Owners capital
False
Is covergirl a profit company?
yes- on individual product lines, such as Noxell, profis reach into the 70 million+ per year range.
What is ASSET depreciation and how many types of asset depreciation are there?
Depreciation is a non cash item, it is an estimated value at which the assets are devaluing over time.
There are two main types:
Straight line
Reducing balance
Straight line is where is depreciated the same each year and is worked out by taking the cost minus the expected resale value when you expect to sell it and divide that by the number of years the company intends to keep it for. Normally a company will just assume a percentage of around 15 to 25%.
Reducing balance works by applying a percentage to the net book value. So in year 1 an assets costing £10,000 at a rate of 20% will have depreciation of £2,000 leaving a net book value of £8,000. Year 2 would be 20% of £8,000 being £1,600 leaving a NBV of £6,400. Year 3 would be 20% if £6,400 being £1,280 leaving a NBV of £5,120. So you can see that tge depreciation each year is reducing.
Unearned services revenue is the amount which is already received by company from client but the actual services has not been provided yet by the company so it means that this amount is not yet earned by company so it is the liability of company hence it will be shown in credit or liability side of balance sheet.
Which type of financial statement includes information about retained earnings and dividends?
A retained earnings statement contains information about retained earnings and dividends. Some companies also refer to this a profit and loss statement.
How do you convert a semi-monthly payroll to a bi-weekly payroll?
How? In what sense? Taxes & withholding?
If you want to do an yearlong average, there are 4.3 weeks in each month.
One advantage of hire process is that it allows low-income individuals to purchase items that would otherwise be out of their budget. Hire purchase is also known as installment plan.
In the same period in which the sale on account occurs.
According to RDS Business & Industry, the definition of financial data is as follows: a full fiscal year data on a company's performance in terms of profits, revenues, operating income, etc. when accompanied by discussion of significant events that have affected performance. Financial data includes, but is not limited to, the documentation of the charges for services, costs of providing services, revenues generated from services and revenues from other sources. An example is a state agency that must collect financial data for administering programs such as Medicaid.
How can you calculate Incremental working capital investment rate?
Incremental net working capital investment rate = Incremental working capital investment / Incremental sales.
The overall change in cash calculated on the statement of cash flows will always be the same as?
The difference between the beginning and ending cash balances on the balance sheet.
How does owners distributions show on the cash flow statement?
owners distribution is not shown in cash flow statement since cash flow statement shows the flow of cash in different activities not the distribution and in case if the profits are distributed then it is a part of profit and loss appropriation a/c.
What are the accounting entries to record a gratis sale?
Gifts / Donation / Charity Account - DR Inventory / Sales Account - CR
Accrued revenue is not collected and currently matched with expenses?
Cash receit is not important for any revenue to be matched in specific period it is the timing of actual expense or income which is matched and cash receipt and payment may be done at later time.
Double- Declining- balance Method
-MBA in Accounting Professor
Total liabilities = total assets - equity
Total liabilities = 345 million - 200 million
Total liabilities = 145 million
Why do many practices send out remainder statement rather than standard statements?
Whay is the difference between remainder statement and standard statements?
What causes the difference between actual and budgeted gross profit?
Budgeted gross profit is the expected profit amount before the start of production run while actual gross profit is the actual amount of profit which company earns after the production and sales of product.
What is the meaning of financial statement level risk?
Financial statement level risks are risks of materials misstatement of the financial statements. These are the same for both audit of financial statements and audit of internal control.
Accounting is the art of recording transactions in the best manner possible, so as to enable the reader to arrive at judgments/come to conclusions, and in this regard it is utmost necessary that there are set guidelines. These guidelines are generally called accounting policies. The intricacies of accounting policies permitted Companies to alter their accounting principles for their benefit. This made it impossible to make comparisons. In order to avoid the above and to have a harmonised accounting principle, Standards needed to be set by recognised accounting bodies. This paved the way for Accounting Standards to come into existence.
Accounting Standards in India are issued By the Institute of Chartered Accountanst of India (ICAI). At present there are 30 Accounting Standards issued by ICAI.
Objective of Accounting Standards
Objective of Accounting Standards is to standarize the diverse accounting policies and practices with a view to eliminate to the extent possible the non-comparability of financial statements and the reliability to the financial statements.
The institute of Chatered Accountants of India, recognizing the need to harmonize the diversre accounting policies and practices, constituted at Accounting Standard Board (ASB) on 21st April, 1977.
Compliance with Accounting Standards issued by ICAI
Sub Section(3A) to section 211 of Companies Act, 1956 requires that every Profit/Loss Account and Balance Sheet shall comply with the Accounting Standards. 'Accounting Standards' means the standard of accounting recommended by the ICAI and prescribed by the Central Government in consultation with the National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards(NACAs) constituted under section 210(1) of companies Act, 1956.
Accounting Standards Issued by the Institute of Chatered Accountants of India are as below:
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Disclosure of Accounting Policies: Accounting Policies refer to specific accounting principles and the method of applying those principles adopted by the enterprises in preparation and presentation of the financial statements.
Valuation of Inventories: The objective of this standard is to formulate the method of computation of cost of inventories / stock, determine the value of closing stock / inventory at which the inventory is to be shown in balance sheet till it is not sold and recognized as revenue.
Cash Flow Statements: Cash flow statement is additional information to user of financial statement. This statement exhibits the flow of incoming and outgoing cash. This statement assesses the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and to utilize the cash. This statement is one of the tools for assessing the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise.
Contigencies and Events occurring after the balance sheet date: In preparing financial statement of a particular enterprise, accounting is done by following accrual basis of accounting and prudent accounting policies to calculate the profit or loss for the year and to recognize assets and liabilities in balance sheet. While following the prudent accounting policies, the provision is made for all known liabilities and losses even for those liabilities / events, which are probable. Professional judgment is required to classify the likehood of the future events occurring and, therefore, the question of contingencies and their accounting arises.
Objective of this standard is to prescribe the accounting of contigencies and the events, which take place after the balance sheet date but before approval of balance sheet by Board of Directors. The Accounting Standard deals with Contingencies and Events occurring after the balance sheet date.
Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and change in Accounting Policies : The objective of this accounting standard is to prescribe the criteria for certain items in the profit and loss account so that comparability of the financial statement can be enhanced. Profit and loss account being a period statement covers the items of the income and expenditure of the particular period. This accounting standard also deals with change in accounting policy, accounting estimates and extraordinary items.
Depreciation Accounting : It is a measure of wearing out, consumption or other loss of value of a depreciable asset arising from use, passage of time. Depreciation is nothing but distribution of total cost of asset over its useful life.
Construction Contracts : Accounting for long term construction contracts involves question as to when revenue should be recognized and how to measure the revenue in the books of contractor. As the period of construction contract is long, work of construction starts in one year and is completed in another year or after 4-5 years or so. Therefore question arises how the profit or loss of construction contract by contractor should be determined. There may be following two ways to determine profit or loss: On year-to-year basis based on percentage of completion or On cpmpletion of the contract.
Revenue Recognition : The standard explains as to when the revenue should be recognized in profit and loss account and also states the circumstances in which revenue recognition can be postponed. Revenue means gross inflow of cash, receivable or other consideration arising in the course of ordinary activities of an enterprise such as:- The sale of goods, Rendering of Services, and Use of enterprises resources by other yeilding interest, dividend and royalties. In other words, revenue is a charge made to customers / clients for goods supplied and services rendered.
Accounting for Fixed Assets : It is an asset, which is:- Held with intention of being used for the purpose of producing or providing goods and services. Not held for sale in the normal course of business. Expected to be used for more than one accounting period.
The Effects of changes in Foreign Exchange Rates : Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rate shall be applicable in Respect of Accounting Period commencing on or after 01-04-2004 and is mandatory in nature. This accounting Standard applicable to accounting for transaction in Foreign currencies in translating in the Financial Statement Of foreign operation Integral as well as non- integral and also accounting for For forward exchange.Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rate, an enterprises should disclose following aspects:
Accounting for Government Grants : Governement Grants are assistance by the Govt. in the form of cash or kind to an enterprise in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions. Government assistance, which cannot be valued reasonably, is excluded from Govt. grants,. Those transactions with Governement, which cannot be distinguished from the normal trading transactions of the enterprise, are not considered as Government grants.
Accounting for Investments : It is the assets held for earning income by way of dividend, interest and rentals, for capital appreciation or for other benefits.
Accounting for Amalgamation : This accounting standard deals with accounting to be made in books of Transferee company in case of amalgamtion. This accounting standard is not applicable to cases of acquisition of shares when one company acquires / purcahses the share of another company and the acquired company is not dissolved and its separate entity continues to exist. The standard is applicable when acquired company is dissolved and separate entity ceased exist and purchasing company continues with the business of acquired company
Employee Benefits : Accounting Standard has been revised by ICAI and is applicable in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1st April 2006. the scope of the accounting standard has been enlarged, to include accounting for short-term employee benefits and termination benefits.
Borrowing Costs : Enterprises are borrowing the funds to acquire, build and install the fixed assets and other assets, these assets take time to make them useable or saleable, therefore the enterprises incur the interest (cost on borrowing) to acquire and build these assets. The objective of the Accounting Standard is to prescribe the treatment of borrowing cost (interest + other cost) in accounting, whether the cost of borrowing should be included in the cost of assets or not.
Segment Reporting : An enterprise needs in multiple products/services and operates in different geographical areas. Multiple products / services and their operations in different geographical areas are exposed to different risks and returns. Information about multiple products / services and their operation in different geographical areas are called segment information. Such information is used to assess the risk and return of multiple products/services and their operation in different geographical areas. Disclosure of such information is called segment reporting.
Related Paty Disclosure : Sometimes business transactions between related parties lose the feature and character of the arms length transactions. Related party relationship affects the volume and decision of business of one enterprise for the benefit of the other enterprise. Hence disclosure of related party transaction is essential for proper understanding of financial performance and financial position of enterprise.
Accounting for leases : Lease is an arrangement by which the lesser gives the right to use an asset for given period of time to the lessee on rent. It involves two parties, a lessor and a lessee and an asset which is to be leased. The lessor who owns the asset agrees to allow the lessee to use it for a specified period of time in return of periodic rent payments.
Earning Per Share :Earning per share (EPS)is a financial ratio that gives the information regarding earning available to each equiy share. It is very important financial ratio for assessing the state of market price of share. This accounting standard gives computational methodology for the determination and presentation of earning per share, which will improve the comparison of EPS. The statement is applicable to the enterprise whose equity shares or potential equity shares are listed in stock exchange.
Consolidated Financial Statements : The objective of this statement is to present financial statements of a parent and its subsidiary (ies) as a single economic entity. In other words the holding company and its subsidiary (ies) are treated as one entity for the preparation of these consolidated financial statements. Consolidated profit/loss account and consolidated balance sheet are prepared for disclosing the total profit/loss of the group and total assets and liabilities of the group. As per this accounting standard, the conslidated balance sheet if prepared should be prepared in the manner prescribed by this statement.
Accounting for Taxes on Income : This accounting standard prescribes the accounting treatment for taxes on income. Traditionally, amount of tax payable is determined on the profit/loss computed as per income tax laws. According to this accounting standard, tax on income is determined on the principle of accrual concept. According to this concept, tax should be accounted in the period in which corresponding revenue and expenses are accounted. In simple words tax shall be accounted on accrual basis; not on liability to pay basis.
Accounting for Investments in Associates in consolidated financial statements : The accounting standard was formulated with the objective to set out the principles and procedures for recognizing the investment in associates in the cosolidated financial statements of the investor, so that the effect of investment in associates on the financial position of the group is indicated.
Discontinuing Operations : The objective of this standard is to establish principles for reporting information about discontinuing operations. This standard covers "discontinuing operations" rather than "discontinued operation". The focus of the disclosure of the Information is about the operations which the enterprise plans to discontinue rather than dsclosing on the operations which are already discontinued. However, the disclosure about discontinued operation is also covered by this standard.
Interim Financial Reporting (IFR) : Interim financial reporting is the reporting for periods of less than a year generally for a period of 3 months. As per clause 41 of listing agreement the companies are required to publish the financial results on a quarterly basis.
Intangible Assets : An Intangible Asset is an Identifiable non-monetary Asset without physical substance held for use in the production or supplying of goods or services for rentals to others or for administrative purpose
Financial Reporting of Interest in joint ventures : Joint Venture is defined as a contractual arrangement whereby two or more parties carry on an economic activity under 'joint control'. Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an economic activity so as to obtain benefit from it. 'Joint control' is the contractually agreed sharing of control over economic activity.
Impairment of Assets : The dictionary meanong of 'impairment of asset' is weakening in value of asset. In other words when the value of asset decreases, it may be called impairment of an asset. As per AS-28 asset is said to be impaired when carrying amount of asset is more than its recoverable amount.
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities And Contingent Assets : Objective of this standard is to prescribe the accounting for Provisions, Contingent Liabilitites, Contingent Assets, Provision for restructuring cost.
Provision: It is a liability, which can be measured only by using a substantial degree of estimation.
Liability: A liability is present obligation of the enterprise arising from past events the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the enterprise of resources embodying economic benefits.
Financial Instrument: Recognition and Measurement, issued by The Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of Accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2009 and will be recommendatory in nature for An initial period of two years. This Accounting Standard will become mandatory in respect of Accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2011 for all commercial, industrial and business Entities except to a Small and Medium-sized Entity. The objective of this Standard is to establish principles for recognizing and measuring Financial assets, financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items. Requirements for presenting information about financial instruments are in Accounting Standard.
Financial Instrument: presentation : The objective of this Standard is to establish principles for presenting financial instruments as liabilities or equity and for offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities. It applies to the classification of financial instruments, from the perspective of the issuer, into financial assets, financial liabilities and equity instruments; the classification of related interest, dividends, losses and gains; and the circumstances in which financial assets and financial liabilities should be offset. The principles in this Standard complement the principles for recognising and measuring financial assets and financial liabilities in Accounting Standard Financial Instruments:
Financial Instruments, Disclosures and Limited revision to accounting standards: The objective of this Standard is to require entities to provide disclosures in their financial statements that enable users to evaluate:
