Forensic Science

Forensic Science Technician Salaries

Experienced forensic scientists earn an average salary of $46,080 per year. Federal salaries are usually higher.

Forensic Psychologist Salaries Psychologists earned between $38,560 and $66,970 annually.

No, everybody's DNA is not in the DNA database. CODIS (which is the U.S.A.'s DNA database) only contains DNA samples from individuals who have been convicted of certain crimes, individuals who have been arrested on felony charges, missing persons, and unidentified bodies.

Different states have different rules for deciding who's DNA goes into the database. All fifty states take DNA samples from people convicted of major felonies, such as sexual assault and homicide. Forty-seven of the fifty states take DNA samples from everyone who has been convicted of a felony. Some states, such as California, take DNA from everyone who is arrested. Some states take DNA from everyone who has been convicted of a crime, even a misdemeanor crime.

Nitric acid is known as engraver's acid, commonly used for etching designs into metal plates for printing. It is a highly corrosive liquid that can dissolve various metals, making it an effective tool for artists and printmakers.

Not necessarily. It would depend on how much other evidence there is. By itself, DNA on a cigarette only proves that the suspect was physically present at the scene of the crime. It proves he was there at some unknown time, but it does not prove that he was there during the commission of the crime or that he committed the crime.

It is a compelling piece of evidence, but it would need to be accompanied by other evidence, in order to ensure a conviction. For example, if eyewitnesses saw the suspect's car fleeing the scene, and if bullets matching those used in the crime were found at the suspect's home, THAT, combined with the DNA on the cigarette, would probably be enough to convict.

Hair evidence can be collected by carefully removing individual hairs with clean forceps, ensuring the roots are intact. The hairs should be placed in paper bindles or envelopes to prevent contamination and preserve any potential DNA evidence. It's important to document the location and context of where the hair was found to maintain the chain of custody.

Forensic science traces its roots back to ancient civilizations such as China and Rome, where methods of investigation and evidence gathering were used in legal proceedings. However, the formal application of scientific principles to criminal investigations began in the late 18th century with the work of individuals like Henry Goddard and Alphonse Bertillon.

Fingerprint patterns are influenced by genetic factors, but they can vary even among close family members. Having a different fingerprint pattern from other family members, such as arch vs. whorl and loop, is not uncommon because there is genetic variation within families that can lead to different fingerprint patterns. It is just one of the many ways genetics can manifest in unique ways within a family.

Cocaine at a crime scene can be collected by wearing gloves, using proper tools like tweezers or a scoop, and placing the substance in a secure evidence bag. It is important to follow proper forensic protocols and document the collection process to maintain chain of custody.

The DNA of each individual is unique. No two individuals share the same genetic make up unless they are identical twins. Analyzing DNA samples found at a crime scene can help place a suspect at the crime scene.

If it can be legally proven that a suspect was present at a crime scene, there is practically no refutation to this finding. DNA test data is very valuable in court.

But if you were never at the scene of the crime how can they prove you were anyone could have put it there?

Rule 1 in forensic chemistry refers to the importance of conducting analyses carefully and methodically to avoid errors or contamination. By working slowly and methodically, forensic chemists can ensure the accuracy and reliability of their findings, which is crucial in legal cases and investigations. Rushing through analyses can lead to mistakes that could compromise the results and ultimately the outcome of a case.

DNA fragments are most commonly amplified using a technique called "polymerase chain reaction," or PCR.

In PCR, a special DNA-replicating enzyme called a polymerase is used to copy short pieces of DNA over and over again, increasing the number of fragments exponentially with each cycle. Primers (even shorter strands of nucleic acids that match up to short regions on the DNA being amplified) tell the polymerase which part of the DNA to copy.

More detailed information on PCR can be found at the related link below.

Other branches of forensic ballistics include firearms examination, toolmark analysis, gunshot residue analysis, and trajectory analysis. Firearms examination involves identifying firearms used in crimes, while toolmark analysis matches marks left on a surface to a specific tool. Gunshot residue analysis detects particles left behind on a suspect's hands after firing a gun, and trajectory analysis determines the path of a bullet through space.

the father of ballistics was Calvin Goddard

Fabric forensics is a crucial part of forensic science. It deals with examining certain fabrics, fibers, cords and other types of materials found at the crime scene. Fibers are a form of trace evidence that can be transferred from the clothing of a suspect to the clothing of a victim during the commission of a crime. Textile fibers may be transferred from rugs or blankets; between two individuals; between an individual and an object or between two objects.

Forensic scientists use chromatography to separate the components of paint samples, which can reveal the chemical composition of the paint. This information can help match paint from a crime scene to a particular source, such as a suspect's car, or to determine if different paint samples originated from the same source.

The three phases of forensic ballistics are: identification (determining the type of firearm and ammunition used), comparison (analyzing the markings on fired bullets and cartridge cases to determine if they match a particular firearm), and evaluation (drawing conclusions based on the results of the comparison to assist in criminal investigations).

Principles in forensic ballistics include examining firearms, bullets, and cartridge cases to determine their source or connection to a crime. This involves analyzing the characteristics of these items, such as rifling marks, to match them to a specific weapon. Forensic ballistics also encompasses reconstructing shooting incidents to determine trajectories and angles of bullets.

atom. Each element has a unique number of protons in its nucleus, which determines its atomic number. By analyzing the atomic number, scientists can determine the identity of an element.

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Conservation of matter says that matter is neither created nor destroyed. An exception is the conversion of matter to or from energy. This is governed by Einstein's famous E = m times C squared, where E is energy (either in or out), m is matter (either out or in), and C is the velocity of light.

Conversion of matter to energy happens in nuclear events such as nuclear fission (atomic reactors, atomic fission bombs, natural decay by fission - carbon 12 for example or radium, etc.) or by nuclear fusion (hydrogen bombs, the sun).

For nonnuclear situations, matter is conserved.

"Memory" is the best word to describe RAM (Random Access Memory), as it is a type of computer memory that allows data to be stored and retrieved quickly for immediate use by the system.

In the Glaister Equation, the value 1.5 represents the assumed average adult male breathing rate, which is used to estimate the amount of carbon monoxide inhaled based on exposure time and concentration. This constant is derived from empirical data and is commonly used in toxicology to assess CO poisoning risk.

Potential sources of DNA at a crime scene could include blood, saliva, skin cells, hair follicles, semen, and other bodily fluids. DNA can also be extracted from items that the perpetrator may have touched, such as weapons or clothing. Additionally, trace DNA left behind on surfaces or objects could be collected as evidence.

Amido black is a dye commonly used for staining proteins in electrophoresis gels. It binds specifically to proteins and can be visualized after staining to help identify the presence and quantity of proteins in a sample.