Medical Fields

Though the words dietician and nutritionist are used interchangeably and they do basically the same work, there are differences. A dietician is trained in a college and is certified through certifying agencies, a nutritionist is not necessarily trained at a college and is not certified by certifying agencies. Some of the benefits of each are:

Dietician:

• Works within the established medical system.
• Doctors refer their patients to dietitians
• Would often get insurance and other benefits from their employer
• Insurance usually covers their services

Nutritionist or food scientist refers to people who have completed University Degrees in Food Science, Human Nutrition, Food and Nutrition, or Food Technology. They would receive the same benefits as a dietician, but since they are more educated, they would receive higher pay.

Nutritionist also refers to someone who does not have an accredited title. It may apply to somebody who has done a short course in nutrition or who has given themselves this title. This title is not protected by law in almost all countries , and the people who use it have varying levels of skills. Benefits are:

• People looking for alternatives to the established medical system often seek them out
• Are freer to set their own hours and prices, as they often have their own businesses
• Are freer to recommend health solutions that are outside mainline medicine, but show evidence that they work
• Though insurance does not cover their services, their costs are usually much less expensive than dietitians, so they are more affordable.

douglas mcgregor - theory x y

McGregor's X-Y theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of day-to-day business are all too easily forgotten.

McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results. Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.

McGregor's ideas significantly relate to modern understanding of the Psychological Contract, which provides many ways to appreciate the unhelpful nature of X-Theory leadership, and the useful constructive beneficial nature of Y-Theory leadership.

• The average person dislikes work and will avoid it he/she can.
• Therefore most people must be forced with the threat of punishment to work towards organisational objectives.
• The average person prefers to be directed; to avoid responsibility; is relatively unambitious, and wants security above all else.

• Effort in work is as natural as work and play.
• People will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organisational objectives, without external control or the threat of punishment.
• Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement.
• People usually accept and often seek responsibility.
• The capacity to use a high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving organisational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population.
• In industry the intellectual potential of the average person is only partly utilised.

A flow sheet or flow chart is a graph sheet on which certain necessary information can be recorded at regular intervals throughout a shift and throughout a 24-hour period.

There are many types of flow sheets or flow charts used in the medical field. Not all hospitals, nursing homes, or home care agencies use flow sheets. Some prefer narrative charting only; some prefer a combination of flow sheet plus narrative charting.

In Nursing

Different types of hospital floors might use flow charts. For example, in a med-surg unit, fluid intake and output (I/O) is important. I/O might be needed every hour to assess kidney function. In narrative charting, it would look like this:

7:00a.m. Lactated Ringers IV patent at 100cc/min. Site clear, no swelling, no pain. Voided 100cc. per urinary catheter since 6a.m. (etc.)

8:00a.m. Lactated Ringers IV patent at 100cc/min. Site clear, no swelling, no pain. Voided 100cc. per urinary catheter since 7a.m. (etc)

The stats would be repeated every hour (or as ordered).

Instead of repeatively charting each fluid amount with times, a flow chart uses a graphed page with the same information.

Types of information that lends itself to flow chart or flow sheet include:

• temperature
• pulse
• respiration
• intake of fluid
• output of fluid
• wound check
• and much more