Punic Wars

If you mean which territories the Romans gained in the Punic Wars:

In the first war they gained Sicily and seized Sardinia and Corsica soon afterwards.

In the the Second Punic war they gained southern Spain and made an alliance with the Numidians of Algeria, who switched allegiance.

In the Third Punic War they gained Tunisia and western Libya.

There were many leaders of Rome in the first punic war. Most of them were admirals because most of the battles fought were naval. Some were successfull, some ineffectual. The most famous of the successfull ones were Gaius Dullius, in whose honour a column erected, and Gaius Lucitatius Catulus who defeated the Carthagean forces in the decisive battle. The failures were Publius Claudius Pulcher and Scipio Asina who lost their entire fleets in a single combat. The most famous of the land commanders was Marcus Attilius Regulus who, alledgely, surrendered to Carthage to spare his country of war. This is probably mere propaganda.

Carthage was besieged, starved out and surrendered. Rome sold the population into slavery as a final solution against a resilient Carthage. The city was then converted into a settlement for retired Roman veterans.

Rome eventually won the Punic wars, so the Romans expanded throughout the Mediterranean lands and much of Europe. The Punic Wars are generally seen as a very important turning point that led to the social instability that brought down the Roman Republic and led to the rise of the Empire.

First of all, Hannibal had spent fifteen years in Italy, not only fighting the Romans but also ravaging their lands. By the time he was defeated, the Italian countryside was devastated. The small farmers who made up the bulk of the Italian population had seen their lands destroyed, made worthless. In response, many rich aristocrats bought up huge tracts of these lands for very little money.

At the same time, Rome's victory in the Punic Wars (and in the simultaneous Macedonian Wars) led to a massive influx of slaves, again bought up by rich aristocrats. These slaves were sent to work the newly bought lands. The massive plantations that resulted were known as Latinfundia. The Latinfundia system, whereby most of the land was in the hands of the upper class, and worked by slaves, put the small farmers, who had been a substantial class, completely out of work. As a result, they flocked to the cities looking for jobs, but few found them.

These farmers tended to go on the dole, or even join into rowdy mobs. Some in the government, most famously the Grachus brothers, sought to redistribute the land to the farmers, but land reform acts were regularly defeated. This led to the split in Roman politics between the Optimates (who defended the interests of the land holders) and the Populares (who favored land reform).

The general Gaius Marius, in 107 BC, when Rome needed more troops to fight a barbarian invasion, came up with an idea to fix both the land and soldier problem. He allowed men with no property into the army, something that was previously restricted (it was thought that only landholders would fight bravely because they would want to protect their land). In return for military service, he promised them a land pension.

To a large degree the plan worked, except that the soldiers became more loyal to Marius, the man who was going to give them the land, than they were to the State, which had failed them. This became a constant theme in late Republican politics, the result being that time and time again, generals would march on Rome and force the senate to make them dictator (Marius did so, as did Sulla and Julius Caesar). The Roman armies became almost like personal armies, and Civil Wars were constant in the late Republic.

Caesar would attempt to solve some these problems, but it was Augustus who provided a solution by essentially dismantling the Roman Republic and replacing it was an absolutist monarchy. The Optimates faction of the Senate (Pompey, Cato, Cicero) was pretty much wiped out in the civil wars, and some land reform was accomplished. The power of individual generals was subordinated to that of the Emperor, and the soldiers had to take loyalty oaths to the Emperor. But the army remained a place where a poor Roman could join, serve twenty or so years, and come out as a land owner, allowing social mobility, and giving Rome a highly motivated, mostly volunteer army.

Also, the increased slaves from Rome's conquests (the Punic Wars led directly to Rome's wars in Greece against Carthage's allies there) brought an increased interest in foreign cultures, especially that of Greece. New found interests in poetry and philosophy spread through Roman society, and some more conservative Romans saw this as a degradation of the traditional Roman values. The conservatives, however, failed to stop the spread of Greek culture, which would greatly influence Rome's. Anyone of social standing would speak Greek and Latin, and anything Greek was considered beautiful.

23 years. The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC)

Hannibal started the second punic war by invading the town of Saguntuni north of the river Iber to purposefully provoke the Romans

These descriptors are called epithets.

The Roman defeated Hannibal by changing their tactics. They were able to wear down Hannibal's army, which had suffered may casualties just getting to Italy and then having to fight their way through. When Hannibal set for reinforcements from Carthage, they were never sent. The Romans also attacked in Spain, diverting Hannibal's attention from Italy and then in Africa itself, where Hannibal had to fight to defend his homeland and lost.

The Punic Wars where three wars between Rome and Carthage, all won by Rome.

Both were vying for supremacy against each other. Unfortunately for Carthage, Rome won all of the three wars. Maybe the most famous war, the Second Punic War involved Hannibal, a famous Carthage general leading a surprise attack on Rome, led by his war elephants. However, the Roman general, Scipio, led an attack on Carthage and Hannibal had to retreat to save his capital city.

In the third Punic War, Rome finally completed the defeat of Carthage and the civilization of Carthagians was destroyed.

Hannibal set off from Spain with 37 elephants. There are disagreements among the sources about the number of elephants which survived the snow and ice of the crossing. They range between 20 and 3. Ancient historian Livy said that Hannibal got two groups of elephants to attack the Romans in the battle of Trebbia after the crossing. He also said that after that he tried to cross the Apennine Mountains to get to Etruria, but was caught in a cold snap and a snow storm. The seven elephants which had survived the mentioned battle died. Other sources say that Hannibal still had one elephant when he travelled further south in Italy.

During the first Punic war, the ultimate goal was to get the Carthaginians out of Sicily. The Romans tried overtaking them town by town but this proved too difficult, so the Romans decided to cut off their supplies from Africa by sea. Since the Carthaginians were much better sailors than Romans, the Romans devised a device called a corvus to turn sea battles in land battles, where they had the advantage. In 256BC Roman decide to invade the Carthaginian homeland in Africa but do not manage to defeat the Carthaginians before the end of the campaigning season. In the meantime, the Carthaginians hire a Spartan general to train their army and they crush the Roman in the spring. After this, many Roman troops and much of the Roman fleet are lost in storms at sea, but the Romans rebuild and attack the Carthaginian with their new fleet in 242BC. The Carthaginians are caught unawares and are decisively defeated and forced to leave Sicily.

Carthage agreed to withdraw from Spain and all Mediterranean islands. Provinces were created in Spain - Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. Cisalpine Gaul was also conquered during the Second Punic War

Rome as we all know fought its competitor for West Europe, Carthage, after the 3rd Punic War Rome salted the fields of Carthage, thus keeping Carthage from rising again. With Carthage out of their way, Rome dominated trade in Europe and gained every piece of land that the Mediterranean Sea touched.

Rome prevailed over Carthage with Rome receiving war reparations from Carthage . Rome became the premier naval power in the Mediterranean and Carthage retained control of Africa , Corsica and Sardinia .

It recognised hegemony of the western Mediterranean by Rome, and undertook to pay a massive indemnity over 50 years, designed to keep it in check for the future.

The Carthaginians were such good traders that they paid off the debt in 10 years, and Rome was faced with the problem again.

During the second Punic War the initial successes of the campaign Hannibal fought in Italy created deep fears that he would take Rome. It seems that he affected the traditional social order of Rome. this is suggested by the fact that laws regarding the moral behaviour of women were introduced.

Hannibal's campaign also had profound effects on the Italian economy. Many small peasants lost their land and migrated to Rome to eke out a living and lived in abject poverty. They lost their farms either because they were ravaged in the war or prolonged military service led to their neglect. This situation was made worse by a sharp increase in the supplies of slave labour as many war captives were enslaved. The owners of large landed estates had plenty of slaves to till their land and to expand their holdings. They took advantage of the situation to buy new land on the cheap.

Hannibal's campaign created a deep hatred towards the Carthaginians.

Hannibal invaded Italy in 218 BC but did not attack Rome itself because he could not take the necessary siege engines with him.

I don't know when, but I do know he was a Carthaginian general, he was believed to have avenged Aeneas' leaving or desertion of Dido.

There were a number of Roman generals that might be called daring in the Second Punic War. The one that is often cited is Scipio Africanus. His victory over Hannibal at the Battle of Zama, severely dashed all hopes of Carthage to win the war against Rome.

Most historians break up the conflict between Carthage and Rome war into two or three separate conflicts. The First occurred from 264-241 BC the Second from 218 - 201BC and the Third lasted from 148- 146 BC. Some either combine the last two or ignore the last one all together, as the Third was more of a siege on New Carthage proper then a full-scale war.
Three.

Scipio Africanus was the most famous. Other generals were less successful. === === Probably the most successful was Fabius Maximus. He got his Maximus (not Great but Greatest - what other general got that accolade?) by not fighting. His army avoided engaging Hannibal and getting defeated, but shadowed it in the hills, posing a constant threat, and inhibiting Hannibal's aim of detaching Rome's allies from the Roman side. This most of all saved Rome. Scipio delivered the coup de grace by invading North Africa and getting Hannibal recalled to defend the city.

The underlying cause was the determination of Rome to dispose of the threat which it percieved from Carthage, against which it had already won two wars.

The official cause was violation of the peace treaty from the Second Punic War which made the Roman Senate arbitrator of all border disputes involving Carthage, so that Carthage had to get approval from the Roman Senate before going to war. Rome then used its ally Numidia as proxy to harrass Carthage, which eventually had to defend itself. This gave Rome a valid excuse to declare war and destroy Carthage, extablishing Rome as undisputed power in the western Mediterranean.

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Rome, an emerging land power, and Carthage a naval power, found it mutually convenient to be in alliance and so dominate the western Mediterranean. They came into conflict by getting sucked into a local dispute in Sicily on different sides. Rome, having dominated Italy, was interested in extending into Sicily. Carthage, a trading empire, saw advantages in controlling Sicily. Their alliance ended and a hundred-year war began.