picture graph
Is called a glyph.
A caption.
It is called an Avi (avatar) or DP (display picture.)
The area in the background of a picture is called the background or backdrop.
Its called a picture within a picture The term is inset. A picture that has a smaller copy of itself within the picture, with the copy having an even smaller copy, that continues to (theoretically) infinity, is called a Droste Effect or recursive picture.
A thumbnail picture
That's an "inset".
The picture is called "tennisball."
This picture is called "pictogram".
(picture)-framer
A picture of chromosomes is called a "karyotype."