Mostly the Robinson projection, but it varies via. textbook.
A Robinson map is a type of world map projection that was created in 1963 by Arthur H. Robinson. It aims to balance the distortion of shape, area, scale, and distance in a way that provides a more visually appealing representation of the globe compared to other map projections like the Mercator projection. The Robinson map is commonly used in atlases and textbooks.
Map makers are called cartographers. There are 3 generally accepted types of map projections. These are cylindrical projections, conic projects and planar projections.
Map Projections - 1977 was released on: USA: 1977
The three main types of map projections are cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal. Cylindrical projections show the Earth's surface on a cylinder, conic projections project the Earth's surface onto a cone, and azimuthal projections project the Earth's surface onto a plane. Each type has variations that can result in different map distortions.
Map projections are mainly derived by mathematical formulas that project the Earth's three-dimensional surface onto a two-dimensional plane. These formulas determine how geographic features like shape, scale, distance, and direction are distorted on the map. Different projections are suited for different purposes depending on the type of distortion that is most acceptable for a particular map.
Polar Projections
A composite map is produced by fitting together a series of different map projections. This technique uses the strengths of each projection to portray the entire globe with minimal distortion across different regions.
distortion
The most common map projections are based on three main geometric shapes: 1) Sphere to a Plane 2) Cylindrical Projections, 3) Conic Projections.
Distortion
A map projection is a flat representation of the Earth's global surface. There are for different types of projections-- those that focus on distance, those that focus on direction, those that focus on area, and those that focus on shape. Conformal map projections are the type that show the correct size of continents but distort area size.
Map are projections in a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of the locations on the surface of a sphere. Map projections distort the surface in a little bi, depending on the purpose of the map.