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Scientists believe that there is such a great diversity of animals because Rainforests are the oldest ecosystem on earth. Some forests in Southeast Asia have been around for at least 100 million years, ever since dinosaurs roamed the earth. During the Ice Ages, the last of which occurred about 10,000 years ago, the frozen areas of the North and South Poles spread over much of the earth, causing huge numbers of extinctions. But the giant freeze did not reach many tropical Rainforests. Therefore, these plants and animals could continue to evolve, developing into the most diverse and complex ecosystems on earth.

The nearly perfect conditions for life also help contribute to the great number of species. With temperatures constant at 75 -80 degrees F. the whole year, animals don't have to worry about freezing during cold winters or finding shade in the hot summers. They rarely have to search for water, as rain falls almost every day in tropical Rainforests.

Some Rainforest species have populations that number in the millions. Other species consist of only a few dozen individuals. Living in limited areas, most of these species are endemic, or found nowhere else on earth. The maues marmoset, a species of monkey, wasn't discovered until recently. Its entire tiny population lives within a few square miles in the Amazon Rainforest. It is so small, it could sit in a person's hand!

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