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You might be reffering to Newtons Laws of Evolution, but then, that is not a process. In fact, there is no process dedicated to proving we have a common ancestor. It is a piecing together of speperate works of research that help us draw this conclusion. The process(es) that are relevant to your query: Mitochondrial Lineage is used to age our last common ancestor. i.e) By estimating the rate at which mutations occur in mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA), the age of the common ancestral mtDNA type can be estimated.Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 mya (approx 1-2 million years ago), first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzee (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to the humans. And: The Homo genus (Man) diverged from the australopithecines (Our "Common ancestor") about 2 million years ago in Africa. Scientists have estimated that humans branched off from their common ancestor with chimpanzees around then.

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