From a western context such as in Germany and Italy the rise of nationalism and nation-states was most related to?

Answer 1

The rise of nationalism and nation-states in Germany and Italy during the 19th century was largely driven by the desire for unification, cultural identity, and political autonomy. In Germany, figures like Otto Von Bismarck utilized realpolitik to unify the various German states under Prussian leadership, emphasizing shared language and culture. Similarly, in Italy, the Risorgimento movement, led by figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Cavour, sought to consolidate the fragmented states into a single nation, fueled by a common heritage and aspirations for independence from foreign rule. This surge of nationalism reshaped both countries' political landscapes and fostered a sense of collective identity.