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Athens rose to greatness in the 5th century BCE due to its powerful navy, wealth from trade, and the establishment of democracy, which fostered civic participation and innovation in arts and philosophy. The city became the cultural and intellectual center of the ancient world, exemplified by landmarks like the Parthenon and the works of philosophers like Socrates and Plato. However, its fall from power was precipitated by military overreach during the Peloponnesian War, economic strain, and internal strife, ultimately leading to its defeat by Sparta in 404 BCE. Following this, Athens struggled to regain its former influence and faced ongoing challenges from emerging powers.

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