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The European powers, when agreeing on their spheres of influence in the Berlin Congress of 1885 had to create boundaries, because Africa was a collection of thousands of tribal lands that - certainly south of the Sahara - simply did not know the concept of nationality, nor the idea of fixed boundaries. The 'natural' boundaries of tribal lands were often hotly contested and the ubiquitous slavery all over Africa (long after the 'Western' nations had abandoned it) was a result of those endless tribal conflicts.

The European-drawn boundaries had the result - that by the way for the most part only became a problem after the nations' independence around 1960 - that traditionally hostile tribes were now thrown together in one nation-State and forced to cooperate and divide power peacefully. Also, the European boundaties sometimes cut straight across tribal lands, causing a tribe to be divided over two States.

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How did European partitioning in Africa contribute to artificial political boundaries?

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