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Serbia had recently gained complete independence from the Ottoman Empire. Some Serbs longed for a return to the good old days of the Serbian Empire of the Middle Ages. There were ethnic Serbs living in the neighboring Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Pan-Serbian nationalists wanted these Serbs, and the land they lived on, from the Austro-Hungarian Empire and added to Serbia.

The Emperor of Austro-Hungary was old. His heir would soon inherit the throne. The heir showed signs of being a reformer. The Pan-Serbians feared that, once on the throne, the heir would be so accommodating to the ethnic Serbs in his Empire that they would lose any desire to get out of the Empire and unite with Serbia. So, they murdered the heir, which was the spark the set off WWI.

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