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The initial attempts to acquire Mexico and northern territories by the United States included diplomatic efforts, such as the annexation of Texas in 1845, and military actions during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). The U.S. aimed to expand its territory under the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, believing it was destined to spread across the continent. The military campaign ultimately proved successful, leading to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which resulted in the U.S. acquiring present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico. This expansion significantly increased U.S. territory but also intensified conflicts over slavery and indigenous rights.

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