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Mexico has a pretty rugged topography in such a way that its median altitude is on the 1,000-2,000 meter (3,000-6,000 feet) range. This means most places within Mexico's heartland are temperate, allowing for richer soils, increased agriculture and as a result, a higher population density.

This same topography is also the result of plate tectonics, as Mexico lies atop three tectonic plates (North American, Pacific and Cocos Plates). Such geologic dynamics increase a risk of volcanic hazards (pyroclastic flows, volcanic tremors) and earthquakes. This has affected urban growth patterns and construction codes.

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