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Principally Spain- it was the Spanish explorers, initially led by Herman Cortez, who first encountered the Aztec civilisation and began trading links with them. But later on Cortez and his successors turned against the Inca civilisations and embarked upon a programme of colonisation, ruthlessly massacring the indigenous peoples and forcing them to flee to the Northern parts of Latin America, resulting in Spanish colonialism of South America, interbreeding between the native population and Spanish settlers, and Spanish being established as the Continent's principle language (although there are linguistic differences between Spanish proper and South American Spanish).

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