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Australia typically has similar insects found elsewhere in the world, such as native bees, beetles, ants, termites, flies, moths, butterflies and so on.

Australia's most common native animals are marsupials. These are the pouched mammals (some pouches are nothing more than a flap of skin) and include:

  • some sixty species of kangaroo, including wallaroo, potoroo, pademelon, rufous rat-kangaroo and wallaby (note: the rat-kangaroo is quite different to the kangaroo rat of North America)
  • koala
  • wombat
  • possum (not opossum)
  • glider
  • potoroo
  • bandicoot, including the bilby
  • quokka
  • quoll
  • Tasmanian Devil
  • phascogale
  • dunnart
  • cuscus
  • bettong
  • nabarlek
  • numbat
  • antechinus
  • native hopping mouse

There are many marine mammals, including dolphins, and the very unique dugong, or sea-cow. The only placental mammals native to Australia are bats, of which there are over 80 species, bush rats and native hopping mice (rodents, not marsupials), of which there are several species. Dingoes are not truly native, not having originated here: they came with the Aborigines thousands of years ago, and for this reason are not necessarily considered to be truly native.

Monotremes (egg laying mammals) are also native to Australia. These include the platypus and the short-beaked echidna.

Native birds include:

  • emu and southern cassowary, Australia's only Flightless Birds
  • kookaburra
  • budgerigar
  • magpie
  • lyrebird
  • brush turkey
  • friar bird
  • little penguin
  • bowerbird
  • many varieties of lorikeets, rosellas and parrots, including the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Gang-Gang Cockatoo, corella, mulga parrot and the Galah
  • Australia's most well-known native eagle is the Wedge-tailed Eagle. It is considered to be in the same "superspecies" as the Golden Eagle, but has some distinguishing characteristics (especially the shape of the tail).

There is a wide variety of native reptiles uniquely adapted to the country, such as:

  • Thorny Devil
  • Blue-tongue Lizard
  • Frill-necked lizard
  • goanna
  • native geckos
  • Saltwater or Estuarine crocodile
  • Australia is also home to many of the world's most venomous snakes, such as the Inland Taipan, Death Adder, Mulga or King Brown, Red Bellied Black, Black Tiger, Copperhead, Gwardar, Collett's, Fierce, Eastern Tiger and Eastern Brown.

There are no native species of toads, but plenty of native frogs, such as green tree frogs, corroboree frogs and pobblebonks.

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